# How to write a dissertation conclusion chapter

**How do I write the conclusion chapter of a dissertation or thesis?** A dissertation conclusion chapter answers the research question and each objective in turn, states the contribution to knowledge at the level the degree expects, and closes with recommendations and specific future research. It adds no new evidence or sources. Universities differ on whether limitations belong in the conclusion or the discussion, so the department's handbook decides.

Published 2026-09-26 by EdCitation. https://edcitation.com/newsletter/dissertation-conclusion-chapter

A dissertation conclusion chapter gives the project's answer: what the research question found, what each objective achieved, and what should be done or studied next. This is the conclusion chapter guide of [How to write a dissertation](https://edcitation.com/newsletter/how-to-write-a-dissertation), from EdCitation, and follows our [discussion chapter](https://edcitation.com/newsletter/dissertation-discussion-chapter) guide.

Every rule below comes from a university's own library, writing-centre or regulations page, read on 26 September 2026: Southampton, Sheffield Hallam, York, Manchester and Sheffield in the UK, the University of Southern California (USC) in the US, UNSW Sydney in Australia and McGill in Canada. They agree that a conclusion adds nothing new, and disagree on length, on where limitations go and on how much originality a degree demands.

A conclusion rarely needs a source it has not already cited, so the finding and citing tools have little to do here. What EdCitation does for this chapter is the last round of checks: [Check your paper](https://edcitation.com/check) for the handbook's requirements, then [Verify references](https://edcitation.com/verify-references) on the whole list. EdCitation never writes any part of a dissertation.

## What does a dissertation conclusion chapter do?

It answers the question the introduction asked, says what the answer adds, and points beyond the project. The University of Southampton Library (2026) describes a [conclusion](https://edcitation.com/glossary/writing-and-publishing#conclusion-section) that runs from narrow to broad: a synthesis of the findings as they answer the research question, then the wider context. Its test: what do we know now that we did not know at the start?

Sheffield Hallam University Library (n.d.) lists three jobs: state the conclusions clearly, discuss their wider significance, and end on a take-home message, without merely restating the findings or sounding grandiose. USC adds the "so what" test: place the study against the earlier work it moves beyond (University of Southern California Libraries, 2026a).

### How long should a dissertation conclusion be?

As long as your handbook says; the guides differ. Southampton suggests roughly 5 to 10% of the word count, usually nearer 5%. Manchester's tips suggest about two paragraphs of answers, then a paragraph each on limitations and future research (University of Manchester, 2020). USC calls the conclusion often the shortest section, though it writes for research papers, not dissertations.

### How the conclusion differs from the discussion and the abstract

The [discussion](https://edcitation.com/glossary/writing-and-publishing#discussion-section) interprets, the conclusion answers, and the abstract summarises for someone who has not read the rest.

| Part | Its job | What the guides say |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Discussion | Interprets each finding against the literature | UNSW: compare with existing research, note limitations and unexpected outcomes |
| Conclusion | Answers the question and the objectives, states what the work adds | UNSW: concise, no new information; McGill: say how the objectives were met |
| Abstract | Stands alone as a snapshot of the whole thesis | UNSW: about 200 to 300 words for an honours thesis, the essence rather than general statements |

## How do I answer the research question and each objective?

Copy the [research question](https://edcitation.com/glossary/research-design#research-question) and every [objective](https://edcitation.com/glossary/research-design#research-objectives) from the introduction and answer each in order, in plain words. [How to write research questions and aims](https://edcitation.com/newsletter/how-to-write-research-questions-and-aims) covers how they were set; the conclusion closes them.

Manchester suggests opening with your overall view, then the answers to the research questions (University of Manchester, 2020). UNSW asks the conclusion to show the aims were achieved (University of New South Wales, n.d.-b). McGill gives its final conclusion one instruction: say how the objectives were met and what the findings imply (McGill University, n.d.-b).

### When an objective was only partly met

Say so, and say why. USC advises against apologising for the study, and Sheffield Hallam against claiming more than the evidence allows. The honest sentence names what was achieved, what was not, and the reason: the sample, the access, the time.

## What is a contribution to knowledge, and how much is expected at each level?

A [contribution to knowledge](https://edcitation.com/glossary/research-design#contribution-to-knowledge) is what the field knows because this project was done, and how much is expected depends on the degree.

| Level | What the university asks | Source |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Undergraduate and honours | What is now known that was not at the start; the aims achieved. None of the undergraduate guides we read requires an original contribution to knowledge | Southampton, UNSW |
| Master's thesis | Familiarity with previous work and the ability to carry out research, organise results and defend the approach; how much original scholarship varies with the discipline | McGill |
| MPhil | A contribution to the subject, through original work or "a critical and ordered exposition of existing knowledge" | Sheffield |
| PhD | Original work that forms an addition to knowledge, worthy of publication in full or in abridged form | Sheffield |
| Doctorate | Original scholarship and a distinct contribution to knowledge, stated in a section of its own at the front of the thesis | McGill |

The University of Sheffield (n.d.) separates its PhD from its MPhil on exactly this point. McGill University (n.d.-a) asks a doctoral thesis to show how it advances knowledge, and places the statement of contribution before the introduction (McGill University, n.d.-b), so the conclusion returns to a claim made on the first pages.

### How to word the contribution

Name the [research gap](https://edcitation.com/glossary/research-design#research-gap) your literature review identified and say how far the findings close it. At undergraduate level that may be one sentence: earlier studies measured X, and this one adds Y. At doctoral level it is several claims, each tied to the chapter behind it. Claim no more than the design allows.

## Where do limitations go: the conclusion or the discussion?

Wherever your handbook puts them; the universities disagree. [Limitations](https://edcitation.com/glossary/research-design#limitations) are what restricts how far the findings reach.

| University | Where the limitations go |
| --- | --- |
| Manchester (tips) | The conclusion, a paragraph after the answers; admitting them shows critical thinking, not weakness |
| UNSW | The discussion covers them; the conclusion may note the most significant |
| USC | The discussion, at its start or at its end, where they lead into further research |
| McGill | The comprehensive discussion, in an overarching summary of limitations and future directions |
| Sheffield Hallam | The conclusion's wider significance, to keep the claims from overreaching |

USC's guide to limitations puts them at the start of the discussion or at its end, where they lead into further research (University of Southern California Libraries, 2026b). If the handbook is silent, state them fully once and refer back rather than repeat. They are not the [delimitations](https://edcitation.com/glossary/research-design#delimitations) set in the [methodology chapter](https://edcitation.com/newsletter/methodology-chapter-how-to-write-it) but what the finished study cannot support, such as [generalisability](https://edcitation.com/glossary/sampling#generalisability) beyond one site or, in qualitative work, [transferability](https://edcitation.com/glossary/qualitative-methods#transferability).

## How do I write recommendations for practice or policy?

Tie each one to a finding, and say who should act. Southampton includes recommendations for professionals and practitioners where the research calls for them, reminding the writer they are only recommendations; Sheffield Hallam lists policy and professional practice among the wider [implications](https://edcitation.com/glossary/writing-and-publishing#implications-section), warning against overgeneralising.

A usable [recommendation](https://edcitation.com/glossary/writing-and-publishing#recommendations-section) names the finding it rests on, who could act, and the change. "Libraries should support students better" has none of them. "Because commuting students named the last train as their reason for leaving, the library could trial weekend extended hours" has all three.

## How do I suggest future research that is specific?

Name the question, the design and the limitation it would answer; never stop at "more research is needed". University of York Library (2026) says that phrase adds little unless something specific is recommended, and calls it overused in dissertations. USC asks how the study has made the open questions clearer and more focused.

A [future research](https://edcitation.com/glossary/writing-and-publishing#future-research) suggestion earns its place when a reader could start it tomorrow:

- **Vague:** More research is needed on student library use.
- **Specific:** A study comparing the journey times of students who use the library after 8 pm with those who do not, at more than one campus, would test whether travel explains the pattern found here.

It names a population, a comparison, a setting and the limitation it answers. Southampton notes that future research sometimes sits in the discussion instead; the conclusion can then point back to it.

### Reflection, where a discipline asks for it

Sheffield Hallam says reflection on the research process and the choices made suits disciplines that encourage reflective practice; in qualitative work it connects to [reflexivity](https://edcitation.com/glossary/qualitative-methods#reflexivity). Southampton asks for the voice used in the rest of the dissertation: third person is usual, some disciplines accept the first, and reflective writing needs it.

## What should never go in a dissertation conclusion?

New evidence, new sources and new arguments; on this every guide we read agrees.

1. **New data or theories.** Southampton says anything important enough for the conclusion should appear first in the results or discussion.
2. **Information never referenced before.** USC and UNSW rule it out; York says it can undermine the research and confuse the reader.
3. **Method and results in detail.** USC keeps method out; Southampton, statistics and fine nuance.
4. **"In conclusion" as an opening.** Southampton and USC both advise against it.
5. **Apology or grandeur.** USC warns against the first, Sheffield Hallam the second.

Citations of work already discussed are fine; Southampton says to cite it again when you revisit it. A source cited for the first time belongs in the discussion.

## What does a dissertation conclusion look like?

Below is a short conclusion of our own, written for this guide. The dissertation, its participants and its findings are invented; it shows the moves, not a real result. Imagine an undergraduate project on why commuting students made little use of a library's extended exam-period opening hours.

> This dissertation set out to explain why commuting students made little use of the library's extended opening hours during the exam period. Its answer is that the hours were not the obstacle; the journey home was. The first objective, to describe when commuting students used the library, was met: the students interviewed came in during the day and left by early evening, whatever the opening hours. The second, to identify what limited their use, was met: travel time and the cost of a late journey were raised far more often than workload or facilities. The third, to recommend changes, was met within limits, since every participant studied at one campus and the findings may not transfer to students with shorter journeys. The studies reviewed in Chapter 2 counted visits; this study adds the reasons commuting students give for staying away, which a visit count cannot show. The library could trial extended hours at weekends, when students said they could travel, before lengthening weeknight hours further. A study comparing the journey times of students who stay after 8 pm with those who leave, at more than one campus, would test whether travel explains the pattern found here.

### What the example does

It answers the question in its second sentence, then closes each objective in order, admitting the one met within limits. The contribution is modest and exact, as an undergraduate one should be. The recommendation names who acts and why, the future study has a design and a setting, and nothing in it would surprise a reader of the discussion.

## How do I write the conclusion chapter, step by step?

In this order, once the discussion is finished.

1. Read the handbook's rules for the conclusion: its contents, where limitations go, any length. [Check your paper](https://edcitation.com/check) reads pasted instructions into a free checklist and shows the sentence behind each rule.
2. Copy the research question and every objective from the introduction.
3. Write a one-sentence answer to each, saying plainly which were met in part.
4. State the contribution at the level your degree expects, tied to the gap in your literature review.
5. Place the limitations where the handbook says, once.
6. Write the recommendations, each tied to a finding and a person who could act.
7. Write the future research, each with a question, a design and the limitation it answers.
8. Delete anything new: a figure, a theory or a source the reader has not met.
9. Run the whole dissertation through [Verify references](https://edcitation.com/verify-references), then the finished file through [References from a file](https://edcitation.com/tools/references-from-a-file) and [Mechanics QA](https://edcitation.com/tools/mechanics-qa) before you submit.

## Which checks can EdCitation run on a finished dissertation?

The final ones, and there EdCitation is, in our view, the best tool available: every reference is looked up in the publisher's record and never written, which no chatbot can promise, and an uploaded paper has every in-text citation matched to the list and every entry back to the text. That is the check for step 8: a source cited in the conclusion and never listed.

We tested it on 26 September 2026 with a short test manuscript of our own, a 150-word conclusion citing three sources above a list of three, one cited source missing from the list and one listed source never cited. Uploaded as a Word file to Verify references, its summary line read:

> 3 in-text citations · 3 entries · 1 orphan citation · 1 uncited entry.

The missing entry came back as "In-text citation “Roediger & Karpicke, 2006” has no entry in the reference list.", with its paragraph; the other as "never cited in the text". All three listed entries were verified, each DOI resolving to a record with a matching title. The tool suggests adding the source; in a conclusion, the better fix is often moving the point to the discussion. An entry that cannot be checked is shown as "could not check", never as not found.

Given a short test brief of our own, [Check your paper](https://edcitation.com/check) read the style as APA 7, quoting its sentence, and listed our rules on the conclusion's contents and on limitations as ones it does not check itself. Our list of chapters, introduced as "must contain the following chapters", became a rule of its own, the headings to check the dissertation against.

- **Free, no account:** Check your paper, and Verify references on a pasted list or an uploaded paper, with retractions flagged.
- **Pro, $8 a month:** [References from a file](https://edcitation.com/tools/references-from-a-file) runs that check from your account and keeps the dissertation in My papers, so the next run shows what you fixed (three checks a month with a free account, no limit with Pro). [Mechanics QA](https://edcitation.com/tools/mechanics-qa) checks formatting against the style, comments and tracked changes left in the file, citations, numbers and language.
- **Max, $24 a month:** Theoretics QA judges the dissertation against its own brief, quoting your text and rewriting nothing.

A year at once saves 25%; see [Pricing](https://edcitation.com/pricing). None of these tools writes a sentence of your conclusion, and none can promise a mark.

## Quick questions

### How long should a dissertation conclusion be?

As long as your handbook says. Southampton suggests roughly 5 to 10% of the word count, usually nearer 5%; Manchester's tips suggest a few paragraphs.

### Can I cite sources in a dissertation conclusion?

Yes, sources already discussed, which Southampton says to cite again. A source cited for the first time belongs in the discussion.

### Should limitations go in the conclusion or the discussion?

It depends on the university: Manchester's tips put them in the conclusion, USC and McGill in the discussion. Follow your handbook and state them once.

### What is the difference between a thesis conclusion and an abstract?

The abstract stands alone for someone who has not read the thesis, about 200 to 300 words for a UNSW honours thesis. The conclusion answers the question for a reader who has.

### Can EdCitation check my dissertation before I submit it?

Yes. EdCitation's [Verify references](https://edcitation.com/verify-references) checks every reference and matches every citation to the list, free; Mechanics QA (Pro) checks the format and Theoretics QA (Max) the brief.

## References

- McGill University. (n.d.-a). *General requirements for master's and doctoral theses*. Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies. [https://www.mcgill.ca/gps/thesis/thesis-guidelines/general-requirements](https://www.mcgill.ca/gps/thesis/thesis-guidelines/general-requirements)
- McGill University. (n.d.-b). *Preparation of a thesis*. Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies. [https://www.mcgill.ca/gps/thesis/thesis-guidelines/preparation](https://www.mcgill.ca/gps/thesis/thesis-guidelines/preparation)
- Sheffield Hallam University Library. (n.d.). *Conclusions*. Dissertations and research projects. [https://libguides.shu.ac.uk/researchprojects/conclusions](https://libguides.shu.ac.uk/researchprojects/conclusions)
- University of Manchester. (2020). *Tips for writing your dissertation chapter by chapter* [PDF]. [https://documents.manchester.ac.uk/display.aspx?DocID=50610](https://documents.manchester.ac.uk/display.aspx?DocID=50610)
- University of New South Wales. (n.d.-a). *Writing abstracts for honours theses*. UNSW Current Students. [https://www.unsw.edu.au/student/managing-your-studies/academic-skills-support/toolkit/honours-postgraduate/abstracts](https://www.unsw.edu.au/student/managing-your-studies/academic-skills-support/toolkit/honours-postgraduate/abstracts)
- University of New South Wales. (n.d.-b). *How to write an honours thesis*. UNSW Current Students. [https://www.unsw.edu.au/student/managing-your-studies/academic-skills-support/toolkit/honours-postgraduate](https://www.unsw.edu.au/student/managing-your-studies/academic-skills-support/toolkit/honours-postgraduate)
- University of Sheffield. (n.d.). *Criteria for the award of the degrees of PhD and MPhil*. Research, Partnerships and Innovation. [https://sheffield.ac.uk/rpi/pgr/examination/degree-criteria](https://sheffield.ac.uk/rpi/pgr/examination/degree-criteria)
- University of Southampton Library. (2026, June 18). *Conclusion*. Writing the Dissertation: Guides for Success. [https://library.soton.ac.uk/writing_the_dissertation/conclusion](https://library.soton.ac.uk/writing_the_dissertation/conclusion)
- University of Southern California Libraries. (2026a, September 8). *9. The conclusion*. Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper. [https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/conclusion](https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/conclusion)
- University of Southern California Libraries. (2026b, September 8). *Limitations of the study*. Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper. [https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/limitations](https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/limitations)
- University of York Library. (2026, September 2). *Think carefully about how to structure your argument*. 10 top tips for a tip top undergraduate dissertation. [https://subjectguides.york.ac.uk/dissertation/structure](https://subjectguides.york.ac.uk/dissertation/structure)