# Famous plagiarism cases in literature and scholarship

**What are the most famous plagiarism cases in literature and scholarship, and what happened in each?** Famous plagiarism cases in literature and scholarship include Helen Keller's 1892 hearing over "The Frost King", Boston University's 1991 finding on Martin Luther King Jr.'s dissertation, the novel Little, Brown withdrew in 2006, and the doctorates Bayreuth, Semmelweis and Düsseldorf revoked from Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg, Pál Schmitt and Annette Schavan. Each was judged by a university, publisher or court.

Published 2026-09-26 by EdCitation. https://edcitation.com/newsletter/famous-plagiarism-cases-in-literature-and-scholarship

Famous plagiarism cases are rarely settled by the accusation. They are settled when a university, a publisher or a court lays the two texts side by side and decides. Two German ministers and a Hungarian president lost their doctorates that way; a publisher withdrew a first novel within days; Boston University found plagiarism in Martin Luther King Jr.'s dissertation and let the degree stand.

EdCitation publishes this account of seven cases, each told from the findings of the body that judged it or from contemporary reporting, all read on 27 September 2026. Where a finding was disputed, the person's answer is given, and nothing is added to what those bodies said.

The lesson for anyone writing now is practical: find your own unmarked borrowing before anyone else does. EdCitation's [Check plagiarism](https://edcitation.com/tools/check-plagiarism) shows which sentences of a draft already exist in print or online, and where, and the free [Verify references](https://edcitation.com/verify-references) confirms that every work you cite is real.

## Which plagiarism cases are the best documented?

These seven: in each, the judging body published its decision or reporters of the time quoted it.

| Year | Person or work | What was found | By whom | Outcome | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1892 | Helen Keller, "The Frost King" | A child's story close to Margaret Canby's "The Frost Fairies" | A panel of the Perkins Institution | Split four to four | Keller (1903) |
| 1991 | Martin Luther King Jr., 1955 dissertation | Plagiarism "no question" | A Boston University committee | Degree kept; a letter filed with the thesis | UPI (1991) |
| 2006 | Kaavya Viswanathan, *How Opal Mehta Got Kissed, Got Wild, and Got a Life* | Passages close to two Megan McCafferty novels | Little, Brown | Book withdrawn, contract cancelled | Zhou (2006b) |
| 2011 | Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg, law doctorate | Plagiarism throughout, deliberate deception | University of Bayreuth | Doctorate withdrawn; he left office | Bayreuth commission (2011) |
| 2012 | Pál Schmitt, 1992 dissertation | Lengthy literal translations | Semmelweis University Senate | Doctorate revoked; he resigned | Semmelweis University (2012) |
| 2013 | Annette Schavan, 1980 dissertation | Deliberate claiming of others' work | Düsseldorf faculty council, then a court | Doctorate revoked; suit dismissed | Verwaltungsgericht Düsseldorf (2014) |
| 2023 | Claudine Gay, articles and 1997 dissertation | "Inadequate citation", not research misconduct | The Harvard Corporation | Corrections requested | Harvard University (2023) |
| Now | Your own draft | Passages that match other texts, with their sources | You, before the marker | Quote and cite before you hand in | [Check plagiarism](https://edcitation.com/tools/check-plagiarism), Pro |

## Which politicians lost a doctorate for plagiarism?

The best documented are Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg (2011), Pál Schmitt (2012) and Annette Schavan (2013). All three lost the doctorate and left office.

### Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg and Bayreuth (2011)

The allegations about the German defence minister's thesis became public on 16 February 2011, when the *Süddeutsche Zeitung* reported them. On 22 February zu Guttenberg asked Bayreuth to withdraw the doctorate, admitting serious errors of craft ("gravierende handwerkliche Fehler") but saying he had never deceived deliberately. The faculty's doctoral committee withdrew it the next day under the administrative procedure act, a route that, it said, did not require intent to be proved (Universität Bayreuth, 2011). He resigned as minister on 1 March.

The university's commission on scientific self-regulation reported on 5 May 2011 that he had grossly violated good scientific practice and had deceived deliberately. Plagiarism appeared in every part of the thesis; the commission found it plausible that about 65% of the text was plagiarised, and six papers by the Bundestag's research service had been copied without adequate acknowledgement. His two examiners, it found, had been deceived too (Kommission "Selbstkontrolle in der Wissenschaft", 2011). The report also defines what counted: hiding a source in a footnote that cannot be matched to the passage, or only in the bibliography, is plagiarism.

### Pál Schmitt and Semmelweis University (2012)

Hungary's president wrote his dissertation in 1992 for the University of Physical Education, now part of Semmelweis University. The weekly *HVG* reported in January 2012 that much of it was copied (Facsar, 2012). The university set up a fact-finding committee on 25 January; according to CNN's report of its findings, more than 200 of the 215 pages showed partial similarity to other works or were direct translations.

On 29 March 2012 the Senate revoked the doctorate, 33 votes to 4, finding the dissertation "based on lengthy literal translations" (Semmelweis University, 2012). Schmitt had said he never intended to plagiarise. He resigned on 2 April, telling parliament that his personal issue was dividing the country.

### Annette Schavan and Düsseldorf (2013)

The anonymous blog schavanplag questioned the German education minister's 1980 dissertation, *Person und Gewissen*. Düsseldorf's philosophy faculty says it did not rely on the blog: it obtained each source in the edition the thesis cited, heard Schavan's written statement and the expert opinions she attached, and judged by the citation rules taught at the time, in a guide her own supervisor had co-written (Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2013).

On 5 February 2013 the faculty council voted 12 to 2, with one abstention, that she had systematically and deliberately presented intellectual work as hers that she had not done (Legal Tribune Online, 2013). Schavan said she had "neither copied nor deceived", and resigned as minister on 9 February (Associated Press, 2013). A court dismissed her suit on 20 March 2014, finding text taken from other works without adequate attribution and holding that a faculty may invalidate a thesis long afterwards, because scholarly work is meant to last (Verwaltungsgericht Düsseldorf, 2014). She did not appeal, arguing that a court applies administrative law rather than the ethics of scholarship (Kühne & Röhlig, 2014).

## What are the famous plagiarism cases in literature?

Two literary examples have a documented judgement: Helen Keller's story in 1892 and a Harvard student's novel in 2006.

### Helen Keller and "The Frost King" (1892)

In the autumn of 1891, aged eleven, Keller wrote a story she believed was her own and sent it to Michael Anagnos of the Perkins Institution for the Blind, who printed it. It was then found to resemble "The Frost Fairies" by Margaret T. Canby so closely in thought and language that the story must have been read to her. Keller was questioned by a panel of the Institution's teachers and officers (Keller, 1903).

Her own account is the main source: Anne Sullivan and Alexander Graham Bell traced a copy of Canby's book to a friend who had read to Keller from several books in 1888; neither could recall that story. Anagnos later wrote that the panel of eight had split evenly and that he voted in her favour. Keller says she was afraid for years that anything she wrote was not her own.

### Kaavya Viswanathan and Little, Brown (2006)

On 23 April 2006 *The Harvard Crimson* reported that a sophomore's first novel, published by Little, Brown after a two-book, $500,000 contract, contained passages closely resembling Megan McCafferty's *Sloppy Firsts* and *Second Helpings*, including 14 words verbatim; a fan had emailed McCafferty about it (Zhou, 2006a). Viswanathan apologised and called the similarities "unintentional and unconscious". The publisher, which had said it would not withdraw the book, then asked shops to pull it (Zhou, 2006b).

On 2 May Little, Brown said it would publish neither a revised edition nor her second book. By then further passages had been compared with books by Meg Cabot, Salman Rushdie and Sophie Kinsella (The Crimson Staff, 2006).

## What did Boston University decide about Martin Luther King Jr.'s dissertation?

That he plagiarised, and that the degree should stand. King's 1955 dissertation compared the conceptions of God of Paul Tillich and Henry Nelson Wieman. Stanford's King Papers Project found that as a student King often used other writers' words without attribution, including a dissertation Jack Boozer had written three years earlier for L. Harold DeWolf, King's own adviser (Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, n.d.), and published its findings in 1991 (Carson et al., 1991).

A four-member committee chaired by Robert Neville reported in October 1991 that there was "no question" King had plagiarised, while judging the thesis a contribution to scholarship (United Press International, 1991). It recommended against revoking the doctorate and asked that a letter recording its findings be placed with the dissertation in the university library, and the provost, Jon Westling, accepted (Deseret News, 1991).

## What did Harvard find about its president's citations?

Harvard's governing Corporation found "a few instances of inadequate citation" in Claudine Gay's published work and no violation of its standards for research misconduct. It is the one recent case here, told in Harvard's own words.

In its statement of 12 December 2023, the Corporation said that at Gay's request it had commissioned an independent review by political scientists, reviewed the results on 9 December, and that she was requesting four corrections in two articles to add citations and quotation marks (Harvard University, 2023). A summary on 20 December, as the *Crimson* reported, described further instances of "duplicative language without appropriate attribution", said she would request three corrections to her 1997 dissertation, and again concluded there was no research misconduct (Robinson & Shah, 2023). On 2 January 2024 the Corporation accepted her resignation; its statement spoke of "deeply personal and sustained attacks" on her and did not mention the citation review (Harvard University, 2024).

## What do these plagiarism scandals have in common?

Five things, each drawn from the cases above:

1. **Intent is where they are contested.** Zu Guttenberg, Schavan and Schmitt denied intending to deceive; Keller's panel split. Bayreuth withdrew the degree first and ruled on intent later.
2. **The outcome depends on the judge.** A revoked doctorate, a letter in a library, corrections, a cancelled book: similar findings, different results.
3. **It does not expire.** Düsseldorf judged a thesis 33 years old and the court upheld it; King's was 36 years old.
4. **People found them by reading.** A fan, a newspaper, volunteers online and the editors of King's papers compared the texts.
5. **A bibliography entry is not enough.** Bayreuth counted a source listed only at the end as plagiarism; [when to paraphrase, quote or summarise](https://edcitation.com/newsletter/paraphrase-quote-or-summarise) shows how to mark borrowed words.

Reusing your own earlier work raises its own questions, covered in [self-plagiarism and reusing your own work](https://edcitation.com/newsletter/self-plagiarism-reusing-your-own-work). Invented data and stories are a different offence, told in [how fabrication scandals were caught](https://edcitation.com/newsletter/fabrication-scandals-in-journalism-and-science) and [hoax papers that fooled journals](https://edcitation.com/newsletter/hoax-papers-that-fooled-journals).

## How can I check my own paper for plagiarism before a marker does?

Put the draft through EdCitation's [Check plagiarism](https://edcitation.com/tools/check-plagiarism), then go through what it flags. We think it is the best tool for this job, because every case above turned on someone setting a passage beside its source, and Check plagiarism gives you exactly that: each matching passage marked in place in your text, a link to the page or paper it matches, and a single percentage for how much of the paper matches. Only you see the report. It comes with Pro at $8 a month ([pricing](https://edcitation.com/pricing)) and is paid for in credits: Pro includes 240 each month, Max 720. You see what a check will use before starting it, and a failed check costs no credits.

EdCitation is plain that a match is not proof. Bayreuth, Düsseldorf and Boston University each read the texts and weighed them before deciding; a match is where your own reading starts. The usual fix is quotation marks and a citation, and [Cite a source](https://edcitation.com/cite) builds the reference free from a DOI, title or ISBN, looked up in the publisher's record in APA 7, MLA 9, Chicago 18 author-date, Harvard, IEEE or Vancouver.

### What Verify references says about these works

On 27 September 2026 we pasted five works from this article into [Verify references](https://edcitation.com/verify-references): the 1991 King Papers article, zu Guttenberg's published thesis, Schavan's dissertation, Viswanathan's novel and Keller's autobiography. All five came back verified, the article with "The DOI resolves to this record and the title matches", the books against a publisher's or a library's record. Correct, and a reminder: a record proves a work exists, not that it is original. Existence is what Verify references checks, free and without an account, flagging retractions and never showing "could not check" as not found.

EdCitation looks sources up, formats them and shows what matches; it never writes any part of anyone's work, so every sentence stays yours. [How plagiarism checkers work](https://edcitation.com/newsletter/how-plagiarism-checkers-work-similarity-score-explained) explains what a similarity figure counts.

## Quick questions

### Why did Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg lose his doctorate?

Bayreuth withdrew it on 23 February 2011 because the thesis broke the rule that borrowed text must be marked. Its commission found in May 2011 that he had deceived deliberately and that about 65% of the text was plausibly plagiarised; he denied deliberate deception.

### Which politicians plagiarised their thesis and lost the degree?

Among the best documented: Germany's Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg (Bayreuth, 2011) and Annette Schavan (Düsseldorf, 2013), and Hungary's Pál Schmitt (Semmelweis University, 2012). All three left office.

### Did Martin Luther King Jr. plagiarise his dissertation?

Yes, a Boston University committee found in 1991, but it judged the thesis a contribution to scholarship and recommended that the degree stand, with a letter recording its findings filed with the dissertation.

### What happened to Kaavya Viswanathan's novel?

Little, Brown asked shops to pull *How Opal Mehta Got Kissed, Got Wild, and Got a Life* in April 2006 and in May cancelled both a revised edition and her second book.

### Can a plagiarism checker prove plagiarism?

No. It shows matching text and its source; a person decides. EdCitation's [Check plagiarism](https://edcitation.com/tools/check-plagiarism) marks each match with its source so you can quote and cite it before you submit.

## References

- Associated Press. (2013, February 9). German education minister quits after university withdraws doctorate over alleged plagiarism. *Fox News*. [https://www.foxnews.com/world/german-education-minister-quits-after-university-withdraws-doctorate-over-alleged-plagiarism](https://www.foxnews.com/world/german-education-minister-quits-after-university-withdraws-doctorate-over-alleged-plagiarism)
- Carson, C., Holloran, P., Luker, R. E., & Russell, P. (1991). Martin Luther King, Jr., as scholar: A reexamination of his theological writings. *The Journal of American History*, *78*(1), 93–105. [https://doi.org/10.2307/2078087](https://doi.org/10.2307/2078087)
- The Crimson Staff. (2006, May 2). 'Opal Mehta' gone for good; contract cancelled. *The Harvard Crimson*. [https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/5/2/opal-mehta-gone-for-good-contract/](https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/5/2/opal-mehta-gone-for-good-contract/)
- Deseret News. (1991, October 11). King's plagiarism shouldn't taint his rights reputation, panelists agree. *Deseret News*. [https://www.deseret.com/1991/10/11/18945697/king-s-plagiarism-shouldn-t-taint-his-rights-reputation-panelists-agree/](https://www.deseret.com/1991/10/11/18945697/king-s-plagiarism-shouldn-t-taint-his-rights-reputation-panelists-agree/)
- Facsar, F. (2012, April 2). Hungary's president quits over alleged plagiarism. *CNN*. Archived at [https://web.archive.org/web/20250817153038/https://www.cnn.com/2012/04/02/world/europe/hungary-president-resigns](https://web.archive.org/web/20250817153038/https://www.cnn.com/2012/04/02/world/europe/hungary-president-resigns)
- Harvard University. (2023, December 12). *Statement from the Harvard Corporation: Our president*. [https://www.harvard.edu/2023/12/12/statement-from-the-harvard-corporation-our-president/](https://www.harvard.edu/2023/12/12/statement-from-the-harvard-corporation-our-president/)
- Harvard University. (2024, January 2). *Statement from the Harvard Corporation: President Gay*. [https://www.harvard.edu/2024/01/02/statement-from-the-harvard-corporation/](https://www.harvard.edu/2024/01/02/statement-from-the-harvard-corporation/)
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf. (2013, February 12). *Hintergrundinformationen zum Verfahren zur Überprüfung der Promotion von Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Annette Schavan*. [https://www.hhu.de/die-hhu/presse-und-marketing/aktuelles/pressemeldungen-der-hhu/news-detailansicht/hintergrundinformationen-zum-verfahren-zur-ueberpruefung-der-promotion-von-prof-dr-dr-hc-mult-annette-schavan](https://www.hhu.de/die-hhu/presse-und-marketing/aktuelles/pressemeldungen-der-hhu/news-detailansicht/hintergrundinformationen-zum-verfahren-zur-ueberpruefung-der-promotion-von-prof-dr-dr-hc-mult-annette-schavan)
- Keller, H. (1903). *The story of my life*. Doubleday, Page. Project Gutenberg. [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2397](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2397)
- Kommission "Selbstkontrolle in der Wissenschaft" der Universität Bayreuth. (2011). *Bericht an die Hochschulleitung der Universität Bayreuth aus Anlass der Untersuchung des Verdachts wissenschaftlichen Fehlverhaltens von Herrn Karl-Theodor Freiherr zu Guttenberg*. [https://www.presse.uni-bayreuth.de/de/archiv/2011/Bericht_der_Kommission_m__Anlagen_10_5_2011_.pdf](https://www.presse.uni-bayreuth.de/de/archiv/2011/Bericht_der_Kommission_m__Anlagen_10_5_2011_.pdf)
- Kühne, A., & Röhlig, M. (2014, April 10). Plagiatsaffäre: Annette Schavan gibt Kampf um Doktortitel auf. *Der Tagesspiegel*. [https://www.tagesspiegel.de/wissen/annette-schavan-gibt-kampf-um-doktortitel-auf-2405422.html](https://www.tagesspiegel.de/wissen/annette-schavan-gibt-kampf-um-doktortitel-auf-2405422.html)
- Legal Tribune Online. (2013, February 6). Promotionsarbeit von Schavan: Uni Düsseldorf entzieht Bildungsministerin den Doktortitel. *LTO*. [https://www.lto.de/recht/nachrichten/n/schavan-promotion-doktortitel-aberkennung](https://www.lto.de/recht/nachrichten/n/schavan-promotion-doktortitel-aberkennung)
- Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute. (n.d.). *Dissertation of Martin Luther King, Jr.* Stanford University. [https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/dissertation-martin-luther-king-jr](https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/dissertation-martin-luther-king-jr)
- Robinson, T. R., & Shah, N. H. (2023, December 21). Harvard President Claudine Gay to submit 3 additional corrections, Corporation says improper citations fall short of research misconduct. *The Harvard Crimson*. [https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/12/21/gay-plagiarism-dissertation-corrections/](https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/12/21/gay-plagiarism-dissertation-corrections/)
- Semmelweis University. (2012, March 30). *Press release: Semmelweis University's Senate has revoked Pál Schmitt's doctoral (dr. univ.) title*. Archived at [https://web.archive.org/web/20120407120716/http://mediasarok.sote.hu/16762/university-senate-revokes-pal-schmitt%E2%80%99s-doctoral-dr-univ-title/](https://web.archive.org/web/20120407120716/http://mediasarok.sote.hu/16762/university-senate-revokes-pal-schmitt%E2%80%99s-doctoral-dr-univ-title/)
- United Press International. (1991, October 10). King 'plagiarized' parts of doctoral dissertation: Report. *UPI Archives*. [https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/10/10/King-plagiarized-parts-of-doctoral-dissertation-report/9563687067200/](https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/10/10/King-plagiarized-parts-of-doctoral-dissertation-report/9563687067200/)
- Universität Bayreuth. (2011, March 15). *Dokumentation Fall Guttenberg: Ablauf*. [https://www.presse.uni-bayreuth.de/de/archiv/2011/Ablauf_15_03_2011.pdf](https://www.presse.uni-bayreuth.de/de/archiv/2011/Ablauf_15_03_2011.pdf)
- Verwaltungsgericht Düsseldorf. (2014, March 20). *Klageabweisung in der Prozesssache Schavan* [Press release]. [https://www.vg-duesseldorf.nrw.de/behoerde/presse/pressemitteilungen/archiv/2014/1406/index.php](https://www.vg-duesseldorf.nrw.de/behoerde/presse/pressemitteilungen/archiv/2014/1406/index.php)
- Zhou, D. (2006a, April 23). Sophomore's new book contains passages strikingly similar to 2001 novel. *The Harvard Crimson*. [https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/4/23/sophomores-new-book-contains-passages-strikingly/](https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/4/23/sophomores-new-book-contains-passages-strikingly/)
- Zhou, D. (2006b, April 28). Publisher pulls 'Opal Mehta'. *The Harvard Crimson*. [https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/4/28/publisher-pulls-opal-mehta-four-days/](https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/4/28/publisher-pulls-opal-mehta-four-days/)