# How to cite sources in a speech or debate, with verbal examples

**How do I cite sources in a speech or a debate, and what do I say out loud?** To cite sources in a speech, name each source before you use it and say who wrote it, their credentials, what kind of source it is and when it appeared. Put a short author-date citation on any slide that uses it and the full references in the outline or handout. In National Speech and Debate Association events, the spoken minimum is the surname and year.

Published 2026-09-26 by EdCitation. https://edcitation.com/newsletter/how-to-cite-sources-in-a-speech-or-debate

To cite sources in a speech, say where a fact comes from just before you give it: who wrote it, why they are worth hearing, what kind of source it is and when it appeared. Your listeners cannot turn to a reference list, so the spoken citation does the work a bracket does on the page. The full reference still exists, on a slide, in the handout or in the outline you hand in.

This guide is published by EdCitation, whose tools look every reference up in the publisher's record and never write any part of a speech. It draws on six university speaking-centre and library guides, the MLA Style Center, APA Style and the National Speech and Debate Association's 2026-27 rulebook, all read on 27 September 2026. The spoken citations are ours, built on three real sources about school phone bans. EdCitation's free [Cite a source](https://edcitation.com/cite) builds the written references, and [Verify references](https://edcitation.com/verify-references) checks the list. Writing the speech itself is covered in [how to write a speech](https://edcitation.com/newsletter/how-to-write-a-speech).

## How do I cite a source out loud in a speech?

Name the source before the information, and give four things: who, their credentials, what the source is, and when it appeared. George Mason University's Communication Center (n.d.) calls these who, why, what and when, and asks for the title and the type of source together.

### What the guides agree on

Towson University's library (2025) lists author, credentials, title and, where it matters, date. Minnesota State University, Mankato (2026) says the journal or website name is usually enough, unless you use several articles from the same one. Worcester Polytechnic Institute (2026) adds a test worth keeping: a listener should be able, with a little effort, to find the source.

### Where the citation goes

Before the fact, not after it. WPI calls this the opposite of a written in-text citation, and Hamilton College's Oral Communication Center (n.d.) gives the same advice, to help listeners.

### How often to cite

Every time a written paper would cite. Agnes Scott College's Center for Writing and Speaking (n.d.) says any source that needs credit on the page needs it aloud, and Hamilton says it is better to over-cite than under-cite. Agnes Scott's warning is the balance: vary your lead-ins so you do not sound like a spoken annotated bibliography.

### The guides disagree more than they admit

Ingram and Bradford (2025), in *Communication Teacher*, found university speaking centres and library guides inconsistent, and proposed a framework called DATA. We could read only the abstract, behind the publisher's paywall, so we cannot confirm what its letters stand for. Where the guides differ below, we say which advice to follow.

## What do good verbal citation examples sound like?

A good verbal citation fits into one natural sentence and could not be mistaken for your own opinion. These examples are ours, and each is built on a source we read on 27 September 2026.

### A journal article

> In a study published in February 2025 in *The Lancet Regional Health – Europe*, a team at the University of Birmingham led by Victoria Goodyear compared 1,227 pupils aged 12 to 15 at 30 English secondary schools. Pupils at schools that banned phones for recreation had no better mental wellbeing than pupils at schools that allowed them.

Each detail is in the study (Goodyear et al., 2025). On a second mention, the surname is enough: "Goodyear's team did find that those pupils used their phones less during the school day, by about forty minutes."

### A report that is not peer reviewed

> In a working paper released in April 2026 by the National Bureau of Economic Research, six researchers from Stanford, Duke, the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Michigan found that locking phones in pouches cut phone use sharply, but the average effect on test scores was close to zero. The paper has not yet been peer reviewed.

The last sentence is honest credentialing: the paper's front matter says NBER working papers are not peer-reviewed (Allcott et al., 2026).

### A news broadcast

> On NPR's Morning Edition on 7 May 2026, Sequoia Carrillo reported that teachers in states with bans said the share of students using phones in class fell, on average, from 61 per cent to 13 per cent in three years.

Carrillo and Martin (2026) is a transcript, and the figure is teachers' reports, so the citation says so. Name the outlet, not the web address: WPI makes an exception only for a site known by its address, such as CNN.com.

### Weak citations, fixed

| What people say | What is missing | Better |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "Studies show phone bans don't help." | Who, what, when | The Goodyear example above |
| "According to Google…" | A search engine is not a source | Name the study or outlet you reached through it |
| "According to npr.org slash 2026 slash…" | Nothing a listener can use | "On NPR's Morning Edition on 7 May 2026…" |
| "According to ChatGPT…" | The original source | Cite what the chatbot pointed you to, once you have read it |

The last row is a competition rule too: at the NSDA's 2027 National Tournament, generative AI may guide students to sources but should not be cited as one (National Speech and Debate Association, 2026). The guide to [citing ChatGPT and AI tools](https://edcitation.com/newsletter/how-to-cite-chatgpt-and-ai-tools) covers written work.

## How do I quote a source in a speech?

Introduce the quotation, pause before and after it, then take the floor back in your own voice. The guides split on saying "quote, unquote". Gibson (2018), writing for the MLA Style Center, says to avoid it; WPI prefers brief pauses; Hamilton says pauses mark a quotation off from your words. Agnes Scott and WPI both allow "And I quote" or "As the author put it". The NSDA rulebook for debate goes the other way: a clear pause or a phrase such as "quote/unquote" or "mark the card", with the phrase called definitive and possibly preferable.

Which wins? In a class speech, a lead-in and a pause. In a debate round, the phrase, because a judge decides whether a pause was clear. Gibson's third tip applies to both: close a quotation by re-establishing yourself as the speaker, with a line such as "That finding matters because…".

Keep quotations short. NSDA Original Oratory and Informative Speaking allow no more than 150 words of direct quotation in the whole speech, identified in the script. When to quote and when to paraphrase is in [paraphrase, quote or summarise](https://edcitation.com/newsletter/paraphrase-quote-or-summarise).

## What goes on the slides and in the handout?

A short citation on every slide that uses a source, and the full list on a final slide or a handout. Neither style's pages that we read sets a slide layout. APA Style (American Psychological Association, 2020) says many of its guidelines, including crediting sources, apply to presentations, while font size and the amount of text are the writer's choice. Gibson's fifth tip is to include a works-cited list for your presentation whenever it has slides or a handout.

### On a slide

Use the style's in-text form: (Goodyear et al., 2025) in APA 7, (Goodyear et al.) in MLA 9. Hamilton adds that an image can carry its source next to it. How much else goes on a slide is covered in [how to give a presentation without reading your slides](https://edcitation.com/newsletter/how-to-give-a-presentation-without-reading-your-slides).

### In the outline, script or handout

Full entries, in the style the assignment names. Our three sources, in APA 7 and corrected where our runs below needed it, are in this guide's references; the working paper reads:

> Allcott, H., Baron, E. J., Dee, T., Duckworth, A. L., Gentzkow, M., & Jacob, B. (2026). *The effects of school phone bans: National evidence from lockable pouches* (NBER Working Paper No. 35132). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w35132

In MLA 9 the news item begins "Carrillo, Sequoia, and Michel Martin." and puts *NPR* in italics as the container. An interview you conduct for the speech is different in APA 7. Because nobody can retrieve it, APA treats it as a personal communication: cited in the text with the person's initials, surname and exact date, and left out of the reference list (American Psychological Association, 2019). Aloud, give the name, role and date of the interview, as the GMU and Mankato examples do.

## How do you cite sources in a debate?

In NSDA debate events, you must at least say the primary author's surname and the year of publication when you introduce evidence, and produce the full written citation if an opponent or judge asks. That is rule 7.1.B of the NSDA's 2026-27 High School Unified Manual (National Speech and Debate Association, 2026), which applies to Policy, Public Forum, Lincoln-Douglas, Big Questions and Congressional Debate.

### The NSDA's evidence rules, as written

1. **Spoken:** surname and year at minimum; qualifications and source are optional.
2. **Repeat use:** after the first quotation from a source, the surname alone. Two works by one author are each cited with their year.
3. **Written citation,** as far as the source provides it: full name of the primary author or editor, publication date, source, article title, date accessed for digital evidence, full URL, the author's qualifications and page numbers.
4. **Paraphrase** is held to the same standard as the full text, with the paraphrased lines marked in the original.
5. **No internal ellipses** unless the original has them.
6. **Private correspondence** with an author is not evidence.
7. **MLA and APA are not required** for debate evidence, the rulebook's casebook says.

For a citation fault, a judge may disregard the evidence, discount it, weigh it in the decision or take no action. Distorted or non-existent evidence, including a source you cannot produce when asked, can cost the round.

### A debate citation, ours

Spoken: "Goodyear, 2025, University of Birmingham: in 30 English secondary schools, bans on recreational phone use made no measurable difference to pupils' mental wellbeing." The written card carries every item in rule 3, with the study's abstract as the marked original. We have read only the NSDA's rules; other leagues and formats publish their own.

## Where does each part of a citation go?

Each place a source appears has its own job. The guides side by side, with our examples:

| Where | What to include | Example (ours) | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aloud, first mention | Who, credentials, what, when | "In a study published in February 2025 in *The Lancet Regional Health – Europe*, a team at the University of Birmingham…" | GMU (n.d.); Towson (2025); Mankato (2026) |
| Aloud, later mentions | Surname | "Goodyear's team did find…" | NSDA (2026) rule 7.1.B |
| Quotation | Lead-in, pause, your voice again | "In the paper's words… That matters because…" | Gibson (2018); Hamilton (n.d.) |
| Slide | Author-date citation; source beside images | (Goodyear et al., 2025) | APA (2020); Hamilton (n.d.) |
| Final slide or handout | Full reference list, built with [Cite a source](https://edcitation.com/cite) and checked with [Verify references](https://edcitation.com/verify-references) | The APA 7 entries above | Gibson (2018) |
| Competition script | Quoted words counted; works cited in APA or MLA | 150 words of quotation at most | NSDA (2026) |
| Debate, aloud | Surname and year at minimum | "Goodyear, 2025" | NSDA (2026) rule 7.1.B |
| Debate, written | Eight items, as the source provides | Author, date, source, title, access date, URL, qualifications, pages | NSDA (2026) rule 7.1.C |

## Which EdCitation tools help with a speech's references?

EdCitation handles the written half of citing a speech and none of the speaking: it never writes any part of a speech or a debate case. For the reference list, [Cite a source](https://edcitation.com/cite) is the tool to use, because it reads each entry out of the publisher's record, where a chatbot composes one from memory, and screens the source for retraction. It takes a DOI, a title, a PubMed ID, an ISBN or a web address, in APA 7, MLA 9, Chicago 18 author-date, Harvard, IEEE and Vancouver, free with no account. We ran our three sources through it on 27 September 2026.

### A DOI

For 10.1016/j.lanepe.2025.101211 it read Crossref, found no retraction notice, and listed all fourteen authors, as APA 7 does up to twenty, with the journal's name printed as the journal prints it, "The Lancet Regional Health – Europe". Nothing needed correcting. When we first typed 2024 for 2025, it answered "No record exists for DOI 10.1016/j.lanepe.2024.101211."

### A report page

Given the NBER address, it found the paper's DOI, 10.3386/w35132, and built the entry from Crossref. The title came back in the sentence case APA 7 asks for, "The effects of school phone bans: National evidence from lockable pouches". To correct: the working paper number was missing, and Duckworth's middle initial, L., needed adding.

### A news page

For the NPR address it read the page and returned "Carrillo, S. (2026, May 7). *New study measures whether school cell phone bans actually work*. NPR." The byline names Sequoia Carrillo and Michel Martin, and only the first came back. A web page's details can be corrected before the entry is built, so add the second. Where a source has a DOI, use it; [what a DOI is](https://edcitation.com/newsletter/what-is-a-doi) shows where to find one.

### Checking the list

[Verify references](https://edcitation.com/verify-references), also free, marked all three corrected entries verified: "The DOI resolves to this record and the title matches" for both DOIs, and "The page is at this address, and its title matches" for NPR. The entry with the mistyped DOI came back doubtful, not not found: "No registry holds the DOI 10.1016/j.lanepe.2024.101211. The work is on record with the DOI 10.1016/j.lanepe.2025.101211." A source it could not check is never shown as not found. For an outline handed in as a file, [References from a file](https://edcitation.com/tools/references-from-a-file), in Pro at $8 a month, checks every reference and matches each in-text citation to the list. [Find sources](https://edcitation.com/) searches about 300 million published works for the evidence itself.

## Quick questions

### What should an oral citation include?

Who the author is, why they are credible, what the source is and when it appeared, said before the information. George Mason University's Communication Center calls these who, why, what and when.

### Should I say "quote, unquote" in a speech?

In a class speech, usually not: the MLA Style Center and WPI advise a lead-in and pauses instead. In NSDA debate, a phrase such as "quote/unquote" or "mark the card" is allowed and called definitive.

### How do you cite sources in a debate round?

Under NSDA rules, say at least the author's surname and the year when you read evidence, and have the full written citation ready if an opponent or judge asks.

### Does a speech need a works cited or reference list?

Yes, whenever it has slides, a handout or a written outline. EdCitation's free [Cite a source](https://edcitation.com/cite) builds each entry from the publisher's record, and Verify references checks the list.

### Can EdCitation write my speech or debate case?

No. EdCitation never writes any part of a speech or a case. It finds sources, builds their references and checks the list; the words you say are yours.

## References

- Agnes Scott College Center for Writing and Speaking. (n.d.). *Citing sources in a speech*. [https://www.agnesscott.edu/center-for-writing-and-speaking/handouts/citing-sources-in-a-speech.html](https://www.agnesscott.edu/center-for-writing-and-speaking/handouts/citing-sources-in-a-speech.html)
- Allcott, H., Baron, E. J., Dee, T., Duckworth, A. L., Gentzkow, M., & Jacob, B. (2026). *The effects of school phone bans: National evidence from lockable pouches* (NBER Working Paper No. 35132). National Bureau of Economic Research. [https://doi.org/10.3386/w35132](https://doi.org/10.3386/w35132)
- American Psychological Association. (2019). *Personal communications*. APA Style. [https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/personal-communications](https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/personal-communications)
- American Psychological Association. (2020). *PowerPoint slide or lecture note references*. APA Style. [https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/powerpoint-references](https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/powerpoint-references)
- Carrillo, S., & Martin, M. (2026, May 7). *New study measures whether school cell phone bans actually work*. NPR. [https://www.npr.org/2026/05/07/nx-s1-5810471/new-study-measures-whether-school-cell-phone-bans-actually-work](https://www.npr.org/2026/05/07/nx-s1-5810471/new-study-measures-whether-school-cell-phone-bans-actually-work)
- George Mason University Communication Center. (n.d.). *Oral citations*. [https://communicationcenter.gmu.edu/communication-resources/oral-source-citations](https://communicationcenter.gmu.edu/communication-resources/oral-source-citations)
- Gibson, A. (2018, December 19). *5 tips for documenting sources in a talk*. MLA Style Center. [https://style.mla.org/documenting-sources-in-a-talk/](https://style.mla.org/documenting-sources-in-a-talk/)
- Goodyear, V. A., Randhawa, A., Adab, P., Al-Janabi, H., Fenton, S., Jones, K., Michail, M., Morrison, B., Patterson, P., Quinlan, J., Sitch, A., Twardochleb, R., Wade, M., & Pallan, M. (2025). School phone policies and their association with mental wellbeing, phone use, and social media use (SMART Schools): A cross-sectional observational study. *The Lancet Regional Health – Europe*, *51*, Article 101211. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2025.101211](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2025.101211)
- Hamilton College Oral Communication Center. (n.d.). *Citing sources in speeches*. [https://www.hamilton.edu/academics/centers/oralcommunication/guides/citing-sources-in-speeches](https://www.hamilton.edu/academics/centers/oralcommunication/guides/citing-sources-in-speeches)
- Ingram, M. B., & Bradford, K. E. (2025). Cite it! Oral citations with the DATA framework. *Communication Teacher*, *39*(4), 333–343. [https://doi.org/10.1080/17404622.2025.2450358](https://doi.org/10.1080/17404622.2025.2450358)
- Minnesota State University, Mankato Library Services. (2026, September 1). *Oral citations*. COMM 100: Fundamentals of Communication. [https://libguides.mnsu.edu/c.php?g=361897&p=2444457](https://libguides.mnsu.edu/c.php?g=361897&p=2444457)
- National Speech and Debate Association. (2026). *2026-2027 high school unified manual* (Version 2027.1.2). [https://www.speechanddebate.org/high-school-unified-manual/](https://www.speechanddebate.org/high-school-unified-manual/)
- Towson University Albert S. Cook Library. (2025, November 19). *Verbal citations*. COMM 131/132: Public Speaking. [https://towson.libguides.com/c.php?g=976915&p=7063421](https://towson.libguides.com/c.php?g=976915&p=7063421)
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute Gordon Library. (2026, August 10). *Citing orally in speeches*. Citing Sources. [https://libguides.wpi.edu/citingsources/speeches](https://libguides.wpi.edu/citingsources/speeches)