# Indonesian and Malaysian citation: daftar pustaka and theses

**How do Indonesian and Malaysian universities want sources cited?** Indonesian and Malaysian citation follows the style each university or journal names, often APA. Indonesian guides add their own terms, daftar pustaka for the reference list, dkk. for et al. and t.t. for no date. Malaysian guides such as Universiti Malaya's write a Malay name in full, not inverted, without bin or binti, and UKM keeps a style of its own.

Published 2026-09-26 by EdCitation. https://edcitation.com/newsletter/indonesian-and-malaysian-citation-in-practice

EdCitation publishes this guide to citation at Indonesian and Malaysian universities; its tools look each reference up in a publisher's record and never write one. Neither country has one national rule. A faculty's pedoman (handbook) or a graduate school's thesis guide decides, and the guides we read disagree on names, abbreviations and even the style itself.

We read every rule below at its source on 27 September 2026, and every translation from Bahasa Indonesia or Malay is our own. EdCitation's [Cite a source](https://edcitation.com/cite) builds six styles in English, so an Indonesian term such as dkk. is changed by hand; [Verify references](https://edcitation.com/verify-references) and [Find sources](https://edcitation.com/) handle Indonesian and Malaysian references now, and our runs are quoted exactly below.

## How do Indonesian universities want a daftar pustaka?

Each faculty sets its own style, often APA, so a search for "cara menulis daftar pustaka" (how to write a reference list) finds a different answer at each university.

### APA, with Indonesian words in the text

The Library Science programme at UIN Sunan Kalijaga still names "APA Style Six Edition" in its 2021 handbook. Page numbers take hlm. (halaman, page), as in Calvin (2005, hlm. 34), and more than five authors become the first surname plus "dkk. (et al.)". The same handbook requires a reference manager (Mendeley, Zotero or Word's own), at least 20 books or journal articles, at least three international journal articles and at least five sources from the last five years (Program Studi Ilmu Perpustakaan UIN Sunan Kalijaga, 2021).

At Universitas Brawijaya, the Faculty of Engineering's 2016 handbook asks for APA with the city of publication (Fakultas Teknik Universitas Brawijaya, 2016), while the library's current APA 7 page drops the publisher's location and writes the page as p. (Perpustakaan Universitas Brawijaya, n.d.). When they disagree, follow the faculty that marks the work.

### Harvard-type and footnote styles

Some faculties use something else. Gadjah Mada's Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering asks for an international style "dalam format bahasa Indonesia" (in an Indonesian format, our translation), names Harvard and Taylor & Francis, supplies its own Mendeley style file, and writes Ahmad dkk. (2017) from three authors (Departemen Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan UGM, 2023).

The Faculty of Sharia and Law at UIN Sunan Kalijaga cites in footnotes: "Hasan Ibrahim Hasan dkk., an-Nuẓum al-Islāmiyyah" (Fakultas Syari'ah dan Hukum UIN Sunan Kalijaga, 2021). The graduate school of UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta names APA, Turabian and MLA as models, uses footnotes with h. for the page, and bases its bibliography on Turabian (Sekolah Pascasarjana UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2022).

## What do dkk., t.t. and the other abbreviations mean?

They are Indonesian stand-ins for Latin and English abbreviations, and each handbook defines its own. These are the ones we found defined on a university's own page, with our translations:

1. **dkk.** is "singkatan dari dan kawan-kawan" (short for "and colleagues"), used where APA writes et al. (Fakultas Syari'ah dan Hukum UIN Sunan Kalijaga, 2021).
2. **t.t.** is "tanpa tahun" (without year), the equivalent of n.d., in UIN Sunan Kalijaga's sharia faculty and UIN Jakarta's footnotes.
3. **ttp.** and **tnp.** mean no place of publication and no publisher's name at UIN Sunan Kalijaga; UIN Jakarta writes T.tp. and T.pn.
4. **hlm.** and **h.** mean page, at UIN Sunan Kalijaga and UIN Jakarta respectively.
5. **t.th.** is the Malaysian form, "singkatan bagi tanpa tahun" (short for without year), at Universiti Malaysia Sabah: (Chye Fook Yee, t.th.).

## How do Malaysian universities want a thesis referenced?

By the graduate school's own guide, and the answer to "Malaysian university thesis referencing" differs by campus: Universiti Malaya asks for APA 7 with local rules for names, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) and Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) keep styles of their own, and Universiti Putra Malaysia sets none.

### APA 7 at Universiti Malaya and elsewhere

Universiti Malaya's Faculty of Education (2022) requires APA 7 for in-text citations and references and sends students to the library's guide. That guide's rule for Malay authors without family names is "Omit bin/binti": Asmah Binti Omar becomes Asmah Omar. (1991), written whole and not inverted (Universiti Malaya Library, 2025). Honorifics go too, so Tun Mahathir Mohamad is cited as Mahathir Mohamad.

At Universiti Putra Malaysia, the graduate school "does not specify which reference style is to be used" and advises following an authoritative journal in the field, one style throughout (School of Graduate Studies UPM, 2024).

### Gaya UKM and Gaya UMS

UKM's Gaya UKM, first drawn up in 1988, is an author-date style with no comma before the year and no brackets round it in the list (Graduate Centre UKM, 2015). A Malay author is cited by their own name, Noor Azlan (2012), and a Chinese author by surname, Chan (2011). Sabah and Sarawak names drop "anak": James anak Bachat becomes James Bachat. A journal entry reads:

Andanastuti Muchtar. 2000. Gabungan pelekukan dan pelenturan dalam penjanaan nilai keliatan patah seramik alumina. *Journal Institute of Materials Malaysia* 1(2): 51-66.

UMS's 2020 guide says references follow the latest APA except those by Malaysian Malay authors, yet its own examples put the page after a colon, (Williams, 2006: 34), and a faculty must ask the Senate to use plain APA. It writes Malay, Indian and Borneo native authors in full "tanpa bin / binti / anak lelaki / anak perempuan / anak atau gelaran" (without bin, binti, son of, daughter of, anak or titles, our translation), as in (Ahmat Adam, 2005) (Pusat Pengajian Pascasiswazah UMS, 2020).

## How are Indonesian and Malay names written in a reference list?

As each guide says, and the guides disagree. Our guide to [names across cultures](https://edcitation.com/newsletter/names-in-references-across-cultures) covers one-name authors in the six styles; here are the local rules.

Brawijaya's engineering handbook writes a one-element Indonesian name "sebagaimana adanya" (as it is), Suhardjono, and puts a father's name, family name or marga first: Muchtar Lubis becomes Lubis, M. Other two-part names are inverted on the last element: Riyanto Haribowo becomes Haribowo, R.

In Malaysia the split is sharper. Universiti Malaya and UMS keep a Malay name whole, while the Pertanika journals, published by UPM, give only inverted examples, Mahat, F., & Ali, N. A. (2020), and say nothing of bin or binti in their January 2025 instructions (Pertanika Journals, 2025). Ask which your faculty wants before you format two hundred entries.

## What are SINTA, Garuda and MyCite?

They are the national indexes of Indonesian and Malaysian journals, described here as their own sites describe them.

- **SINTA** (Science and Technology Index), run by Indonesia's Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology, measures the performance of researchers, institutions and journals. On 27 September 2026 it listed 16,772 journals and 336,446 authors, and filtered journals by grade, Sinta 1 to Sinta 6 (Kementerian Pendidikan Tinggi, Sains, dan Teknologi, n.d.-b). A "SINTA journal reference" is simply a reference to one of those journals, cited in whatever style you use.
- **Garuda** (Garba Rujukan Digital), run by the same ministry, is a search platform for Indonesian scholarly publications; it showed 5,636,221 articles and 30,217 journals that day (Kementerian Pendidikan Tinggi, Sains, dan Teknologi, n.d.-a).
- **MyCite**, the Malaysian Citation Index, is kept by the Malaysian Citation Centre, set up by the Ministry of Education in 2011; it indexes Malaysian journals and reports citations. Its site did not answer us on 27 September 2026; its home page, archived on 15 July 2025, gave 138,005 articles (Malaysian Citation Centre, 2025).

## What do SINTA-accredited and Malaysian journals ask for?

Their own house rules, which are stricter than most theses. *Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia*, graded Sinta 1 on SINTA, requires "a minimum of 50 references" with 80% from the last ten years in reputable international journals, and Indonesian authors upload the article in both languages (Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, n.d.). Its examples show one-name authors as they are: "Parmin. (2005)" and "Liliasari. (2011)".

Pertanika's January 2025 instructions demand APA 7 "strictly", a DOI wherever one exists, and a title, abstract and keywords in English as well for an article in Bahasa Malaysia (Pertanika Journals, 2025).

## How does one reference look in each practice?

Different in almost every element, as this table shows.

| Element | APA 7 in Indonesian practice | Malaysian practice | Example |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| The list's name | Daftar Pustaka | References; Rujukan at UMS | Daftar Pustaka |
| Three or more authors | dkk. at UGM; et al. at Brawijaya | et al. at UKM, UMS and UM | (Ahmad dkk., 2017) |
| No date | t.t. in footnote styles | n.d., or t.th. at UMS | (Chye Fook Yee, t.th.) |
| Page | hlm., h. or p. | p., or a colon at UMS | Calvin (2005, hlm. 34) |
| Local author | Inverted on the last element; one name as it is | Full name, not inverted, no bin or binti (UM, UMS) | Asmah Omar. (1991) |
| Year in the list | (2025). | (2026). in APA; 2026. in Gaya UKM | Parmin. (2005) |
| Checking | [Verify references](https://edcitation.com/verify-references) | [Verify references](https://edcitation.com/verify-references) | DOI 10.32890/jeth2026.6.9 |

Two real articles, written out. Indonesian APA 7, for Parmin et al. (2025), cited in the text as (Parmin dkk., 2025) where the handbook uses dkk.:

Parmin, Jabbar, A., Rahayu, E. F., Pamelasari, S. D., Sukmawati, I., & Alamsyah, M. R. N. (2025). Integrating community outreach into Next Generation Science Standards for prospective science teachers' sustainable climate action skills. *Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 14*(4), 735–742. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v14i4.30121

Universiti Malaya's APA 7, for an article whose byline reads Huda Farhana binti Mohamad Muslim and Muhammad Azizul bin Mahadi:

Huda Farhana Mohamad Muslim, Nur Fazreen Zainal, Norhafiza Shafie, Norliyana Adnan, Muhammad Azizul Mahadi, & Nurul Amira Izzaty Horsali. (2026). Assessing community participation in natural conservation and ecotourism activities in Jeli, Kelantan. *Journal of Event, Tourism and Hospitality Studies, 6*, 130–147. https://doi.org/10.32890/jeth2026.6.9

## How do I build and check a skripsi or thesis reference list?

Follow your faculty, then check every entry against its record.

1. Find your faculty's pedoman or your graduate school's guide and note its style, abbreviations and name rule; searches for "format sitasi skripsi" (thesis citation format) turn up other universities' rules.
2. Search SINTA, Garuda or MyCite, and EdCitation's [Find sources](https://edcitation.com/), which takes Indonesian search terms.
3. Copy names from the article's byline, not the database: records double one-name authors, give them an initial they do not have, and misfile bin and binti.
4. Start from the [APA entry](https://edcitation.com/cite/apa) Cite a source builds from the DOI, then put in dkk., hlm. or your guide's name form by hand.
5. Add page ranges the record lacks, from the article's first page.
6. Check the finished list with [Verify references](https://edcitation.com/verify-references), and show your supervisor, as UIN Sunan Kalijaga's handbook requires.

## What can EdCitation do for Indonesian and Malaysian references?

Find them, build an English-style entry to adjust, and check them. EdCitation never writes any part of a student's paper; every entry it returns comes from a publisher's record.

### Cite a source builds six styles, in English

[Cite a source](https://edcitation.com/cite) builds APA 7, MLA 9, Chicago 18 author-date, Harvard, IEEE and Vancouver, free, with English terms: et al., n.d., p. It does not write dkk., t.t. or hlm., and it has no Gaya UKM, so those are changed by hand. We ran six DOIs. For Parmin et al. (2025), APA returned, in a rerun on 27 September 2026:

> Parmin, Jabbar, A., Rahayu, E. F., Pamelasari, S. D., Sukmawati, I., & Alamsyah, M. R. N. (2025). Integrating community outreach into next generation science standards for prospective science teachers’ sustainable climate action skills. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v14i4.30121

The one name is right, and the title, deposited in title case, is set in sentence case, as APA asks. To fix: the capitals of Next Generation Science Standards, a name made of ordinary words that was lowered with them, and the pages, 735–742, which the record lacks. For the Malaysian article, APA began "Mohamad Muslim, H. F., Zainal, N. F., Shafie, N., Adnan, N., Mahadi, M. A., & Horsali, N. A. I. (2026)", with bin and binti left out and the names inverted, the form Pertanika's examples take; for Universiti Malaya or UMS, write each name in full instead. For a Malay-language Pertanika article, APA gave "Subramaniam, V., Nagaraju, P., Janan, D., & Hameed Sultan, M. T. (2026). Kesalahan Penentuan Golongan Kata Bahasa Melayu - Satu Pendekatan Analisis." with no English translation in square brackets, which APA asks for, and no pages, which its record lacks and the journal's site, down when we tried, could not supply (see [citing a non-English source](https://edcitation.com/newsletter/citing-a-non-english-source)).

Two more need care. A 2014 title deposited in capitals came back in sentence case ending "bagi dosen muda di fmipa unnes": the words are right, but the acronyms FMIPA and UNNES need their capitals back. A 2017 article came back "Parmin, P., Sajidan, S., Ashadi, A., Sutikno, S., & Fibriana, F." with page "365" alone; the journal's own page gives 365 to 372.

### Verify references on Malay and Indonesian entries

[Verify references](https://edcitation.com/verify-references) is the strongest free check here, because it matches each entry to a real record, flags retractions and never shows "could not check" as "not found". We pasted four entries: Parmin et al. (2025), the Malaysian article with Universiti Malaya's names, the 2017 article without its DOI, and a Pertanika article whose record lists one author by the single name Bobby. All four came back verified, three with "The DOI resolves to this record and the title matches." and the 2017 one with "Title, year and first author match a published record." A Gaya UKM entry without a DOI and an Indonesian-language entry were verified with that second reason too.

### Find sources in Indonesian

[Find sources](https://edcitation.com/) returned 362,872 works for literasi sains siswa sekolah dasar (science literacy of primary pupils), and all 98 on the first page had Indonesian words in the title. The first was "Pengembangan Media Video Untuk Meningkatkan Literasi Sains Siswa Sekolah Dasar" (2022), listed under "Mahlianurrahman Mahlianurrahman": 19 names on that page were one name doubled, so write them once. The three tools are free; [Pricing](https://edcitation.com/pricing) sets out what Pro adds at $8 a month.

## Quick questions

### What does dkk. mean in a daftar pustaka?

Dkk. is short for dan kawan-kawan, "and colleagues", and Indonesian handbooks use it where APA writes et al.

### Do I keep bin or binti in a Malaysian APA reference?

Not at Universiti Malaya or UMS: write the name in full, not inverted, without bin or binti. Pertanika's examples invert names instead, so check your faculty's guide.

### What is Gaya UKM?

Gaya UKM is Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia's own author-date style: no comma before the year in the text, no brackets round the year in the list, and Malay authors cited by their own name.

### Can EdCitation write dkk. or t.t. for me?

No. EdCitation's [Cite a source](https://edcitation.com/cite) builds six styles with English terms; change et al. and n.d. by hand where your handbook asks.

### How do I cite a one-name Indonesian author?

Write the name once, as it is, with no initial: Parmin. (2005), as *Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia* shows it.

## References

- Departemen Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan UGM. (2023). *Pedoman penulisan skripsi, tesis, dan disertasi* [Guide to writing undergraduate, master's and doctoral theses] (Versi 1) [PDF]. Universitas Gadjah Mada. [https://tsipil.ugm.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/02/Pedoman-Penulisan-DTSL_2023_v1-Final.pdf](https://tsipil.ugm.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/02/Pedoman-Penulisan-DTSL_2023_v1-Final.pdf)
- Fakultas Syari'ah dan Hukum UIN Sunan Kalijaga. (2021). *Pedoman penulisan skripsi* [Guide to writing the undergraduate thesis] [PDF]. [https://syariah.uin-suka.ac.id/media/dokumen_akademik/03_20211222_01%20-%20PEDOMAN%20PENULISAN%20SKRIPSI%202021.pdf](https://syariah.uin-suka.ac.id/media/dokumen_akademik/03_20211222_01%20-%20PEDOMAN%20PENULISAN%20SKRIPSI%202021.pdf)
- Fakultas Teknik Universitas Brawijaya. (2016). *Pedoman penulisan skripsi, tesis, disertasi* [Guide to writing theses and dissertations] [PDF]. [https://teknik.ub.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Pedoman-skripsi-FT-UB-2016.NEW_.pdf](https://teknik.ub.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Pedoman-skripsi-FT-UB-2016.NEW_.pdf)
- Graduate Centre UKM. (2015). *The UKM thesis writing style guide* [PDF]. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. [https://www.ukm.my/pusatsiswazah/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/2015-GayaUKM-BI-Final.pdf](https://www.ukm.my/pusatsiswazah/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/2015-GayaUKM-BI-Final.pdf)
- Huda Farhana Mohamad Muslim, Nur Fazreen Zainal, Norhafiza Shafie, Norliyana Adnan, Muhammad Azizul Mahadi, & Nurul Amira Izzaty Horsali. (2026). Assessing community participation in natural conservation and ecotourism activities in Jeli, Kelantan. *Journal of Event, Tourism and Hospitality Studies, 6*, 130–147. [https://doi.org/10.32890/jeth2026.6.9](https://doi.org/10.32890/jeth2026.6.9)
- Parmin, Jabbar, A., Rahayu, E. F., Pamelasari, S. D., Sukmawati, I., & Alamsyah, M. R. N. (2025). Integrating community outreach into Next Generation Science Standards for prospective science teachers' sustainable climate action skills. *Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 14*(4), 735–742. [https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v14i4.30121](https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v14i4.30121)
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