# Signposting and linking words in academic writing

**How do I use signposting and linking words in academic writing?** Signposting in academic writing shows the reader where an argument is going. Major signposts are full sentences in the introduction, at the start of sections and in the conclusion that map the structure. Minor signposts are linking words such as however, therefore and for example, which show how one sentence or paragraph relates to the next. Use each only for the relationship it names.

Published 2026-09-26 by EdCitation. https://edcitation.com/newsletter/signposting-and-linking-words-in-academic-writing

Signposting in academic writing tells a reader where they are in an argument: what the essay will do, where one part ends and the next begins, and how each sentence relates to the last. Major signposts are whole sentences that map the structure; minor signposts are linking words such as "however" and "therefore". This guide, published by EdCitation, covers both, and the mistakes the guides warn about.

On 26 September 2026 we read the signposting pages of eleven universities: York, Hull, Portsmouth, Staffordshire and Manchester's Academic Phrasebank in the UK; the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), Purdue and San José State in the US; Auckland, the University of Technology Sydney (UTS) and Pretoria elsewhere; and the MLA's own advice. Every rule below comes from them; every example is ours.

Every signpost in your essay is yours to write: EdCitation writes no part of an essay and rewrites none. It turns your brief into a free checklist with [Check your paper](https://edcitation.com/check), so you know which sections your signposts must lead through, and builds and checks the references behind each point with [Cite a source](https://edcitation.com/cite) and [Verify references](https://edcitation.com/verify-references).

## What is signposting in academic writing?

Signposting is any wording that guides the reader rather than adding content. Universities split it into two levels under different names.

| University | Big signposts | Small signposts |
| --- | --- | --- |
| York (UK) | Major signposting: purpose and structure | Linking words and phrases |
| Portsmouth (UK) | Large-scale: full sentences linking parts of the work | Small-scale: words and short phrases |
| Pretoria (South Africa) | Major signposts, in introductions, conclusions and topic sentences | Transitions and linking phrases |
| UNC (US) | Transitions between sections, sometimes a whole paragraph | Transitions between and within paragraphs |

University of York (2026) gives "The aim of this study is to" as a major signpost; UNC counts three levels (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Writing Center, n.d.).

### Major signposts: the introduction, section openings and the conclusion

A major signpost says what a part of the work will do or has done. University of Portsmouth Library (2026) opens with one ("This assignment examines three aspects of..."), uses them in the body to tie each point to the question, and closes with one ("This assignment has examined...").

The Academic Phrasebank likens a preview to a driver's map and collects phrases for each job (Morley, n.d.-b): "Turning now to …" to move on, "As discussed above, …" to return to a topic. Portsmouth's pattern for joining two sections: name the point just made, name the next, and say why one leads to the other. Our example:

> Having set out what the two note-taking studies found, this essay now considers what they measured, since the replication tested learning soon after a single lecture, not at the end of a course.

### Minor signposts: between sentences and paragraphs

A minor signpost names the relationship between two sentences or paragraphs: addition, contrast, cause, example. UNC places a transition between paragraphs at the end of one, the start of the next, or both.

Purdue Online Writing Lab (n.d.-a) sets a stricter test: a good transition could only connect those two paragraphs, often by repeating a key phrase. "Another important thing to note", one of its weak examples, could join any two.

## Which linking words do universities list, by job?

Universities group their lists by the relationship each word signals. The six jobs most essays need:

| Job | Linking words, as the lists give them | Listed by |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Adding | furthermore, in addition, moreover, what is more | York, Hull, Auckland, Portsmouth |
| Contrasting | however, in contrast, conversely, nevertheless, on the other hand, despite this | York, Auckland, UTS, Portsmouth |
| Cause and effect | therefore, consequently, as a result, thus, hence, for this reason | Auckland, Portsmouth, UNC, UTS |
| Sequencing | first(ly), second(ly), next, subsequently, finally | Auckland, Staffordshire, UNC, Portsmouth |
| Exemplifying | for example, for instance, such as, namely, to illustrate | York, Auckland, Purdue, UTS |
| Concluding | in conclusion, in summary, to sum up, overall, in short | Auckland, Portsmouth, UNC, Hull |

### Where the lists disagree

The lists overlap: UNC puts "finally" under sequence and conclusion; Purdue Online Writing Lab (n.d.-b) files "furthermore" and "moreover" under "To Add" and again under "To Prove"; York puts them under emphasis as well as addition. York's and Hull's lists are almost word for word the same, so treat them as one source.

University of Auckland Business School (n.d.) adds a split that settles most punctuation: words linking a sentence to the one before (however, therefore) and words beginning a clause inside a sentence (although, because, whereas).

## What are the most common mistakes with linking words?

A word used for a relationship it does not name, and too many words. University of Technology Sydney (n.d.) asks that each be "the right match for the logic", and Portsmouth keeps "consequently" for a real result.

### "However" used as a conjunction

"However" can open a sentence or follow a semicolon, but it cannot join two sentences with a comma. Wong (2021), for San José State's writing centre, says that joining two complete sentences with a conjunctive adverb such as "however" and a single comma makes a comma splice.

- Wrong: The sample was small, however the results were consistent.
- Right: The sample was small. However, the results were consistent.
- Right: Although the sample was small, the results were consistent.

Portsmouth draws the line: "although" sets up a contrast inside one sentence, "however" starts a new one.

### A chain of "moreover"

Three "moreover"s in a row add points without ranking them. Portsmouth separates the adding words: "furthermore" extends or strengthens the point before, "in addition" brings a separate point of equal weight. Since York files "moreover" under emphasis too, we read it as a promise of a stronger point, which a chain cannot keep. Auckland warns that overused linking words sound "too verbose".

### "Firstly" to "lastly" on every paragraph

"Firstly" is not an error: Auckland, Staffordshire and the Phrasebank list it, MLA's editors list "first, second, third" (Suffern, 2017), and none of the pages we read bans either form. The Phrasebank numbers points after a sentence that announces the count, such as "three separable basic functions" (Morley, n.d.-a).

The fault is numbering points that are not a sequence. "Secondly" says only that a point came second, so it fails Purdue's test. Where points depend on each other, name the relationship instead.

### A linking word at the start of every sentence

Too few is a fault as well: University of Hull Library (2026) notes that academics often complain about a lack of signposting, and Auckland says too few linking words sound simplistic. But UTS says you do not need one in every sentence, Hull that one in every sentence can obscure meaning, and University of Pretoria Library (2026) not to start every sentence with one. Portsmouth's test: without the word, would the reader still see the connection? If so, leave it out.

### Signposts that only say "pay attention"

Suffern (2017) lists signposts that do more harm than good, such as "It's important to note that": excess makes a text wordy and suggests you do not trust the reader. UNC warns that transitions cannot substitute for good organisation; test the order with a reverse outline, as [how to structure an essay](https://edcitation.com/newsletter/how-to-structure-an-essay-introduction-body-conclusion) explains.

## How do you punctuate linking words?

By where the word sits.

1. **At the start of a sentence:** a comma after it. "However, the results were consistent." (Staffordshire, UTS)
2. **Joining two complete sentences:** a semicolon before, a comma after. "The sample was small; however, the results were consistent." (San José State)
3. **In the middle of a sentence, as an interruption:** a comma on each side. "The results, however, were consistent." (San José State)
4. **With "and", "but", "so" or "yet" joining two complete sentences:** a comma before the conjunction. (San José State)
5. **With "although", "because" or "whereas":** these begin a clause inside the sentence; when that clause comes first, a comma closes it. (Auckland, Portsmouth)

## How much signposting does a short essay need, compared with a dissertation?

A short essay needs a brief map, clear topic sentences and a linking word where a relationship would be missed; a dissertation adds signposts at each chapter's start and end.

### A short essay

Suffern (2017) says that once the structure is signposted at the start, you need not give directions throughout, and advises cutting extra signposts in the final draft. Whether to map the order at all differs by subject, as [how to structure an essay](https://edcitation.com/newsletter/how-to-structure-an-essay-introduction-body-conclusion) sets out. Our map for a 1,500-word essay:

> This essay first sets out the evidence that handwritten notes help learning, then weighs a replication that challenges it, and ends with what the evidence means for a student with a laptop in lectures.

### A dissertation

UNC says that particularly in longer works a whole transitional paragraph may be needed between sections. Portsmouth suggests each chapter open with a short introduction and close with a short conclusion, and each link back: the literature review to the research question, the methods to the introduction, the conclusion to everything. The Phrasebank's "Summarising a section or chapter" phrases serve this.

## How do you fix an over-signposted paragraph?

Both paragraphs are ours; the studies are real, and their findings come from the abstracts. Urry et al. (2021) repeated the first of Mueller and Oppenheimer's three studies with 142 participants.

**Before (ours):**

> Firstly, Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014) found that students who typed their notes did worse on conceptual questions than students who wrote by hand. Moreover, the typists copied more of the lecture word for word. Moreover, the authors argue that this copying led to shallower processing. However the finding has been tested again. Furthermore, Urry et al. (2021) repeated the first study and found that typists again copied more of the lecture verbatim. Moreover, their results did not support the idea that handwriting improves immediate learning. Lastly, in conclusion, handwriting may not be better.

**After (ours):**

> Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014) found, across three studies, that students who typed lecture notes did worse on conceptual questions than students who wrote them by hand, and traced the gap to typists copying the lecture word for word. That result has since been put to a direct test. When Urry et al. (2021) repeated the first study, the typists again copied more of the lecture verbatim, yet the results did not support the claim that handwriting improves immediate learning, and mini meta-analyses of eight similar studies pointed the same way. The advice to leave the laptop at home therefore rests on weaker evidence than its fame suggests.

What changed:

- "Firstly" had no second; "Lastly, in conclusion" signposted the end twice.
- Three "moreover"s became one sentence: the copying is the authors' explanation, not a new point.
- "Furthermore" introduced a result that cuts against the first study; that is contrast, so "yet".
- "However the finding" lacked its comma; "That result" now repeats the key phrase, Purdue's way.
- "Therefore" draws the conclusion, stated cautiously. York keeps "clearly" for arguments that cannot be challenged; hedging is covered in [academic tone](https://edcitation.com/newsletter/academic-tone-first-person-and-passive-voice), and building the whole paragraph in [PEEL and other paragraph patterns](https://edcitation.com/newsletter/peel-and-other-paragraph-patterns).

## Does Check your paper catch a brief's rules on headings and transitions?

Partly. On 26 September 2026 we gave [Check your paper](https://edcitation.com/check) the brief for the Investigative Essay in MIT's 21W.035 Science Writing and New Media (Boiko, 2018). It asks for "A title and 3–4 section headings" and names "how you link ideas in transitions" as one way readers hear the writer's view.

It returned four rules, each with its sentence: line spacing 2 × and 2,500 to 3,000 words, both from "8–10 pp. double-spaced (2500–3000 words)."; at least 8 sources; and at least 6 pages. Forty-five sentences were listed as needing a reader's judgement (the page heads them "What it asks you to do, which no rule can test"), among them the section-headings requirement, both times it is stated, and the request to put sources that disagree "in conversation with each other".

Two things need your eyes. The sentence about transitions came back in neither list, and the page count came from the first draft's minimum, not the final 8 to 10 pages. So read the brief line by line yourself, the method [how to read an assignment brief and rubric](https://edcitation.com/newsletter/how-to-read-an-assignment-brief-and-rubric) teaches.

## How EdCitation helps with a signposted essay

For the sources each signpost points to, EdCitation is the best tool we know of, because every entry it gives comes from a record it found at the publisher, not from a model's guess, and in our run it caught the entry we misdated on purpose. No tool of ours writes or judges signposting.

### Free: the brief and the references

[Check your paper](https://edcitation.com/check) is free with no account, as above. [Cite a source](https://edcitation.com/cite) built the [APA 7](https://edcitation.com/cite/apa) entry for Mueller and Oppenheimer from Crossref's record, found no retraction, and linked a correction published in 2018: read it before quoting the paper's figures. For Urry et al., with 88 authors, it gave the first nineteen, an ellipsis and the last. It set both titles in sentence case, as APA 7 asks, and kept the capital in Urry et al.'s "Study 1", as APA gives a noun before a numeral.

[Verify references](https://edcitation.com/verify-references) checked four entries: three verified, and our Mueller and Oppenheimer entry, deliberately dated 2015, was marked doubtful ("check this"): "The work was published in 2014, not 2015; the record has no date in 2015." An entry it cannot reach is labelled "could not check", never "not found".

### Pro and Max: the whole essay

Upload the essay to [References from a file](https://edcitation.com/tools/references-from-a-file) and each entry is looked up and each citation in the text paired with its entry: free three times a month with an account, unlimited on Pro ($8 a month). [Mechanics QA](https://edcitation.com/tools/mechanics-qa), also Pro, goes through the file rule by rule: APA 7 student-paper formatting, leftover comments and tracked changes, each citation against its entry, figures, and the language errors a spell-checker lets pass. Whether a signpost works is not among its checks. With Max, $24 a month, Theoretics QA assesses the finished essay against the brief, quotes your own words back, and changes none of them ([pricing](https://edcitation.com/pricing)). None of this guarantees a grade.

## Quick questions

### What is the difference between major and minor signposting?

Major signposts are whole sentences that map the structure, in the introduction, at section openings and in the conclusion. Minor signposts are linking words and short phrases, such as "however" or "for example", that connect sentences and paragraphs.

### Is "firstly" wrong in an essay?

No. Auckland, Staffordshire and Manchester's Academic Phrasebank all list "firstly", and the MLA lists "first". Either is fine for points that really are a sequence.

### How many linking words should a paragraph have?

No university we read gives a number. UTS and Pretoria say not to put one in every sentence; use one wherever the reader would otherwise miss how two ideas connect.

### Can EdCitation add signposting to my essay?

No. The signposts, like every other sentence, stay yours: EdCitation does not write or rewrite essays. It lists what your brief requires with [Check your paper](https://edcitation.com/check), free, and with Max, Theoretics QA weighs your finished draft against those instructions.

## References

- Boiko, K. (2018). *Investigative essay* [Course assignment]. 21W.035 Science Writing and New Media: Science Writing for the Public, Spring 2018. MIT OpenCourseWare. [https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/21w-035-science-writing-and-new-media-science-writing-for-the-public-spring-2018/pages/assignments/investigative-essay/](https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/21w-035-science-writing-and-new-media-science-writing-for-the-public-spring-2018/pages/assignments/investigative-essay/)
- Morley, J. (n.d.-a). *Classifying and listing*. Academic Phrasebank. The University of Manchester. [https://www.phrasebank.manchester.ac.uk/classifying-and-listing/](https://www.phrasebank.manchester.ac.uk/classifying-and-listing/)
- Morley, J. (n.d.-b). *Signalling transition*. Academic Phrasebank. The University of Manchester. [https://www.phrasebank.manchester.ac.uk/signalling-transition/](https://www.phrasebank.manchester.ac.uk/signalling-transition/)
- Mueller, P. A., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2014). The pen is mightier than the keyboard: Advantages of longhand over laptop note taking. *Psychological Science, 25*(6), 1159–1168. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614524581](https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614524581)
- Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.-a). *Transitions and transitional devices*. Purdue University. [https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/mechanics/transitions_and_transitional_devices/index.html](https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/mechanics/transitions_and_transitional_devices/index.html)
- Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.-b). *Transitional devices*. Purdue University. [https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/mechanics/transitions_and_transitional_devices/transitional_devices.html](https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/mechanics/transitions_and_transitional_devices/transitional_devices.html)
- Suffern, E. (2017, March 30). *Effective signposting*. MLA Style Center. [https://style.mla.org/effective-signposting/](https://style.mla.org/effective-signposting/)
- University of Auckland Business School. (n.d.). *Linking words*. Learning Hub. [https://www.learninghub.ac.nz/writing/academic-style/linking-words/](https://www.learninghub.ac.nz/writing/academic-style/linking-words/)
- University of Hull Library. (2026, September 9). *Signposting*. Writing academically. [https://libguides.hull.ac.uk/writing/signposting](https://libguides.hull.ac.uk/writing/signposting)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Writing Center. (n.d.). *Transitions*. [https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/transitions/](https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/transitions/)
- University of Portsmouth Library. (2026, August 26). *Signposting*. Writing for assignments. [https://library.port.ac.uk/academic-support/writing-for-assignments/signposting](https://library.port.ac.uk/academic-support/writing-for-assignments/signposting)
- University of Pretoria Library. (2026, April 25). *Signposting, transitions and linking words/phrases*. Academic Writing. [https://library.up.ac.za/c.php?g=1505780&p=11273467](https://library.up.ac.za/c.php?g=1505780&p=11273467)
- University of Staffordshire Library. (2026, September 2). *Linking/transition words*. Academic writing. [https://libguides.staffs.ac.uk/academic_writing/linking](https://libguides.staffs.ac.uk/academic_writing/linking)
- University of Technology Sydney. (n.d.). *Transition signals*. HELPS self-help resources. [https://www.uts.edu.au/for-students/current-students/support/helps/self-help-resources/grammar/transition-signals](https://www.uts.edu.au/for-students/current-students/support/helps/self-help-resources/grammar/transition-signals)
- University of York. (2026, September 2). *Signposting*. Academic language: A practical guide. [https://subjectguides.york.ac.uk/academic-language/signposting](https://subjectguides.york.ac.uk/academic-language/signposting)
- Urry, H. L., Crittle, C. S., Floerke, V. A., Leonard, M. Z., Perry, C. S., III, Akdilek, N., Albert, E. R., Block, A. J., Bollinger, C. A., Bowers, E. M., Brody, R. S., Burk, K. C., Burnstein, A., Chan, A. K., Chan, P. C., Chang, L. J., Chen, E., Chiarawongse, C. P., Chin, G., … Zarrow, J. E. (2021). Don't ditch the laptop just yet: A direct replication of Mueller and Oppenheimer's (2014) Study 1 plus mini meta-analyses across similar studies. *Psychological Science, 32*(3), 326–339. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620965541](https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620965541)
- Wong, M. (2021). *Transitions: Conjunctive adverbs* [Handout]. San José State University Writing Center. [https://www.sjsu.edu/writingcenter/docs/updated-handout-pdf/Transitions-%20Conjuctive%20Adverbs.pdf](https://www.sjsu.edu/writingcenter/docs/updated-handout-pdf/Transitions-%20Conjuctive%20Adverbs.pdf)