Citing and referencing
The rules of APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, IEEE and Vancouver, with worked examples you can copy.
A citation is a claim: this source exists, and I read it. Every style has its own way of making that claim in the text and its own way of writing the source out in full at the end, and the differences are what cost marks. These guides give the rule, the example, and the awkward cases the handbook buries: a page with no author, twenty authors, a date that is only a copyright line, two works that shorten to the same form.
Every rule here is checked against the style’s own publisher, not against another website that copied it. Where the publishers disagree, or where a university has its own house version, the guide says so and says which one wins for you: the one your assignment asks for.
165 guides
October 3, 2026 · 13 min read
20 facts about citation, from Callimachus to ChatGPT
What are some interesting facts about citation and referencing?
Twenty documented facts about citation, from Gibbon's footnotes and the first citation index to sleeping beauties, phantom references and AI.
Everyone
October 3, 2026 · 13 min read
Academic writing in Arabic: thesis structure, style and terms
How do you write a thesis or research paper in Arabic at an Arab university?
What Arab universities' own thesis guides ask of academic writing in Arabic: parts, style, fonts, page letters, citation systems and translated terms.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 3, 2026 · 12 min read
How to transcribe and cite a handwritten manuscript
How do I transcribe a handwritten or archival source, diplomatic or normalised, and cite the manuscript in APA, MLA or Chicago?
Diplomatic, semi-diplomatic and normalised transcription from archive and edition guidance, and how to cite a manuscript in APA, MLA and Chicago.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 3, 2026 · 13 min read
Persian citation styles: APA in Persian, Solar Hijri dates, names
How do I cite sources in Persian citation styles, and cite a Persian source in an English paper?
How Iranian universities and journals write APA in Persian, convert Solar Hijri years, romanise Persian names and mark Persian sources (in Persian).
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 3, 2026 · 12 min read
Referencing at Universiti Malaya: UM APA 7th edition rules
Which referencing style does Universiti Malaya use?
Universiti Malaya referencing from the UM Library APA 7th guide and thesis guidelines: Malay names, faculty styles, a worked example and EdCitation fixes.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 3, 2026 · 12 min read
Right-to-left scripts in a reference list: Hebrew, Urdu, Persian
How do I put Hebrew, Arabic, Persian or Urdu sources in an English reference list?
Hebrew, Arabic, Persian and Urdu entries in an English reference list: APA, MLA and Chicago, the Library of Congress tables, and right-to-left lines in Word.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 3, 2026 · 13 min read
The papers with the most authors, and how to cite them
Which paper has the most authors, and how do you cite a paper with thousands of authors?
The documented records for the most authors on one paper, from the 5,154-name Higgs paper to COVIDSurg's 15,025, and how APA, Vancouver and IEEE cite them.
Everyone
October 3, 2026 · 13 min read
Translations that changed scholarship, and how to cite them
Which translations changed scholarship, and how do you cite a translation today?
Famous translations in history, from Baghdad and Toledo to Euclid in Chinese and Darwin in German, each from its source, and how to cite the translation you read.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 3, 2026 · 13 min read
University of the Philippines referencing: APA, MLA, thesis rules
Which referencing style does the University of the Philippines use?
University of the Philippines referencing by college: UPLB, UPOU, UP Manila and UP Diliman rules, an APA 7 example, and what to fix after EdCitation.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
AIOU referencing style: APA at Allama Iqbal Open University
Which referencing style does AIOU use for assignments, projects and theses?
AIOU's referencing rules from its own manuals, programme by programme: APA 7, APA 6 and Harvard, a worked reference list, and what to fix after EdCitation.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
APA format in the Philippines: university theses and SHS research
Which referencing style do universities in the Philippines use?
Which citation style Philippine universities ask for, from named guides, with CHED thesis rules, DepEd senior high school research and similarity limits.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
Arden University Harvard referencing: the AU Harvard rules
How do I reference in Harvard at Arden University?
Arden University's AU Harvard rules from its own guides: et al. from three authors, online sources, accessed dates, APA, OSCOLA and a worked list.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
Are citation generators accurate? What the studies found
Are citation generators and reference managers accurate, according to published studies?
Every published test of citation generators, reference managers and database cite buttons we could read: tools, sample, errors found, and the faults that recur.
Everyone
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
Are citation generators bad for students? Our view and the fix
Are citation generators bad for students, and do they make students worse at citing?
Our view on whether citation generators make students worse at citing: what studies and university libraries say, a table of faults and fixes, and two free checks.
Everyone
October 2, 2026 · 13 min read
ASU APA format and citation styles at Arizona State University
Which citation style does Arizona State University use, and what are ASU Library's own APA rules?
Which citation style Arizona State University asks for by discipline, ASU Library's APA 7 rules, a worked reference list, and what to fix by hand.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 13 min read
Athabasca University APA and MLA: how to cite at AU
Which citation style does Athabasca University use, and how do I cite AU course materials?
Athabasca University's own APA and MLA rules, from its Library and Write Site: study guides, course packs, forum posts, et al., the AU title page and a worked list.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
Capella APA format: citing at Capella University in APA 7
Which APA format does Capella University use, and how do I cite sources there?
Capella's APA 7 rules from its own library and Writing Center pages: courseroom sources, outdated FAQs, a worked reference list and what to fix by hand.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
Citing at community college: MLA or APA, course by course
Which citation style do community colleges use, MLA or APA?
Which citation style community college courses use, from ten colleges' own guides: English 101 in MLA 9, nursing in APA 7, dual enrollment and transfer.
Undergraduate
October 2, 2026 · 13 min read
Citing sources on slides and in speaker notes: APA, MLA, Chicago
How do I cite sources on presentation slides and in speaker notes in APA, MLA or Chicago?
What APA, MLA and Chicago say about citing on slides: in-text citations, the references slide, image credits, speaker notes and citing a presentation itself.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 13 min read
Coventry University referencing: APA 7 and CU Harvard guide
Which referencing style does Coventry University use?
Coventry University's APA 7th edition rules from its library guide, CU Harvard for pre-2020 starters, a worked reference list and what to fix by hand.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
Delhi University referencing style: APA 7 and department rules
Which referencing style does the University of Delhi (DU) use?
Which referencing style the University of Delhi asks for, department by department, with DU's house styles worked through and what to fix by hand.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 13 min read
Dhaka University referencing style: APA 7, APA 6th, thesis rules
Which referencing style does the University of Dhaka use?
How to reference at Dhaka University from its own documents: APA 7 in Marketing, APA 6th in Clinical Psychology theses, plagiarism rules, worked examples.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
GCU APA format and style guide: citing at Grand Canyon University
Which citation style does Grand Canyon University use, and what are GCU's own APA rules?
How Grand Canyon University wants APA 7: its own style guide and templates, title page, Halo course material, the Bible, and which courses use MLA or Turabian.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
How to cite research in a policy brief: footnotes or references
How do I cite research and evidence in a policy brief, and should I use footnotes or a reference list?
How government and think-tank guides cite evidence in a policy brief: footnotes or author-date, how many sources, government reports and evidence grades.
Everyone
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
How to cite sources in a PowerPoint or consulting deck
How do I cite sources in a PowerPoint, a consulting deck or a pitch deck?
Cite sources on slides and in consulting decks: source lines and footnotes as HBS sets them, APA and Harvard slide rules, chart data, pitch decks, a worked footer.
Everyone
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
IGNOU project referencing style: APA, programme by programme
Which referencing style does IGNOU use for project reports?
IGNOU's referencing rules from its own project handbooks: APA by programme, et al., bibliography heads, study material, and what to fix after EdCitation.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
King Saud University citation style: APA, IEEE, thesis guide
Which citation style does King Saud University use?
King Saud University referencing from its own documents: IEEE, APA 7 or Elsevier-Harvard by college, the thesis rules, and what to fix after EdCitation.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 13 min read
King's College London referencing guide: KCL Harvard and APA
Which referencing style does King's College London use?
King's College London referencing from its own library guide: the five styles, KCL Harvard and nursing APA rules, a worked list and what to fix by hand.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
Leeds Harvard referencing: how to reference at Leeds
How do I reference in Leeds Harvard at the University of Leeds?
Leeds Harvard and Leeds Numeric from the University of Leeds Library's own pages: each school's style, et al., accessed dates, a worked list and what to change.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
Liberty University APA format and Turabian: citing at Liberty
Which citation style does Liberty University use, and what are Liberty's own APA and Turabian rules?
Liberty University's citation styles school by school, its own APA 7 and Turabian rules, a worked reference page, and what to fix after a citation tool.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 13 min read
LUMS citation style: how to cite at LUMS, with APA examples
Which citation style does LUMS use?
LUMS citation style from its Library pages, plagiarism policy and handbooks: the styles linked, the rules LUMS sets, an APA 7 example and what to fix by hand.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 13 min read
Massey University referencing: APA 7, OWLL and other styles
Which referencing style does Massey University use, and how do I reference in APA 7 there?
Massey University referencing from its own pages: the styles, Massey's APA 7 rules, te reo Māori and NZ government sources, a worked example, and what to fix.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 11 min read
McGill citation style: APA 7, Chicago, MLA and the McGill Guide
Which citation style does McGill University use?
McGill citation styles from McGill Library's own guides: which subject uses which, its APA 7 rules, a worked example and what to fix after EdCitation.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 13 min read
Northumbria University referencing: Harvard Cite Them Right
Which referencing style does Northumbria University use?
Northumbria University's Harvard (Cite Them Right) and APA 7 rules from its Skills Plus guide, with et al., DOIs, accessed dates and a worked list.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 13 min read
NOUN referencing style: APA format, projects and course materials
Which referencing style does the National Open University of Nigeria use?
NOUN referencing from its own pages: the APA edition, GST 104's rules, project references, NOUN course materials, and what to fix after EdCitation.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
NWU Harvard referencing: the North-West University guide
Which referencing style does North-West University use, and how does NWU Harvard work?
NWU Harvard referencing from North-West University's library guide: its rules, the styles by faculty, a worked list, and what to change after EdCitation.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
Open University Harvard referencing: Cite Them Right at the OU
How do I reference in Harvard at the Open University?
The Open University's Harvard rules from its own library guide: module materials, et al., page numbers, Law and Classical Studies, and a worked reference list.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
Purdue Global APA format: citing at Purdue University Global
Which citation style does Purdue Global use, and what are its own APA 7 rules?
Purdue Global's APA 7 rules from its own Writing Center: font, title page, Brightspace posts, course resources, self-citation, and what to fix by hand.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
Qatar University citation style: APA, thesis rules, departments
Which citation style does Qatar University use?
Qatar University citation rules from its Library guide and Graduate Studies thesis documents: styles by department, the APA default, Arabic lists and an example.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
Referencing at Anglia Ruskin University: ARU Harvard explained
Which Harvard referencing style does Anglia Ruskin University use?
ARU Harvard from Anglia Ruskin's own library guide: Cite Them Right 13th edition, et al., accessed dates, a worked example and what to fix by hand.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
Referencing at Curtin University: APA 7th, Chicago, Vancouver
Which referencing style does Curtin University use?
Curtin referencing from the Library's UniSkills guides: its five styles, Curtin APA 7th rules, a worked example, and what to fix by hand after EdCitation.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
Referencing at Deakin University: APA 7, Vancouver, Harvard
Which referencing style does Deakin University use?
Deakin referencing from its own guides: the style each faculty uses, Deakin APA7 and Vancouver rules, a worked example, and what to fix by hand.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 13 min read
Referencing at Kenyan and Ghanaian universities: APA to Harvard
Which referencing style do universities in Kenya and Ghana use?
The referencing styles Kenyan and Ghanaian universities ask for, from their own thesis guides: APA at Moi and JKUAT, Harvard at KNUST, footnotes in law.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
Referencing at Malaysian and Singapore universities: APA, Harvard
Which referencing style do universities in Malaysia and Singapore use?
Which referencing styles NUS, NTU, SMU, UM, UiTM, USM, UTM and UKM ask for, by faculty, and how their guides cite local laws, government papers and Malay titles.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
Referencing at Monash University: APA 7, Harvard, Vancouver
Which referencing style does Monash University use?
Monash referencing from the Library's own guides: its seven styles, Monash APA 7th, Harvard and Vancouver rules, worked examples and what to fix by hand.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
Referencing at NUS: NUS citation style, APA and thesis format
Which citation style does the National University of Singapore use?
NUS citation rules from NUS Libraries and department guides: the nine styles, NUS APA examples, thesis format, and what to fix after EdCitation.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
Referencing at the University of Auckland: APA 7th and QuickCite
Which referencing style does the University of Auckland use?
University of Auckland referencing from QuickCite: styles by faculty, APA 7th rules, te reo Māori and NZ law sources, and what to fix by hand.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 13 min read
Referencing at the University of Melbourne: APA 7 and Re:cite
Which referencing style does the University of Melbourne use?
University of Melbourne referencing from Re:cite: its styles by faculty, Melbourne's APA 7 rules, a worked example and what to fix by hand after EdCitation.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
Referencing at the University of Queensland: UQ APA 7th guide
Which referencing style does the University of Queensland (UQ) use?
UQ referencing from the Library's own guides: which style each school names, UQ APA 7th and Vancouver rules, a worked example and what to fix by hand.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
Referencing in a new academic system: what changes abroad
What changes in referencing and plagiarism rules when international students move to a new academic system?
What changes when you study in a new academic system: common knowledge, quotation, similarity checks and collusion, where each rule is written, and whom to ask.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
Referencing on English-taught degrees in Europe: styles and rules
Which referencing style do English-taught degrees in Germany, the Netherlands and the Nordic countries use, and how do their universities handle plagiarism?
The referencing styles English-taught degrees in Germany, the Netherlands and the Nordics ask for, from 14 universities' own guides, and how each handles plagiarism.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
RMIT referencing: RMIT Harvard, APA 7th and Easy Cite
Which referencing style does RMIT University use?
RMIT referencing from the Library's Easy Cite guide: its seven styles, RMIT Harvard and APA 7th rules, a worked example and what to fix after a generator.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
Sheffield Hallam referencing: APA 7, not SHU Harvard
Which referencing style does Sheffield Hallam University use?
Sheffield Hallam's APA 7 from its own library guide: et al., retrieval dates, article numbers, subject styles, a worked list and what to change by hand.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
SNHU APA format: citing at Southern New Hampshire University
Which citation style does Southern New Hampshire University use, and what are SNHU's own APA rules?
How Southern New Hampshire University wants APA 7: the Shapiro Library's rules, Brightspace and database sources, nursing's Pro Tips, and when MLA or Chicago.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
The scholarly conversation: what it means and how to join it
What does "the scholarly conversation" mean, and how does citing let me join it?
What the scholarly conversation means, from Burke's parlor to the ACRL's 2026 frame, and how citing, signal phrases and synthesis put your voice in it.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 13 min read
UAEU citation style: APA, MLA and Chicago at UAE University
Which citation style does UAE University (UAEU) use?
UAEU citation rules from its Libraries' guide: styles by subject, Arabic footnotes, thesis rules, an APA 7 example and what to fix after EdCitation.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 13 min read
UBC citation style guide: APA 7, MLA and Chicago at UBC
Which citation style does UBC use, and what are UBC Library's own rules?
How to cite at UBC from UBC Library's own guides: which style each subject uses, UBC's APA rules, Indigenous Elders, a worked list and what to fix by hand.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
UCL Harvard referencing: the UCL referencing guide explained
Which referencing style does UCL use?
UCL Harvard from UCL Library's own guide: which subjects use which style, et al., page numbers, DOIs, a worked reference list and what to change by hand.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
UGC plagiarism regulations 2018 and referencing rules in India
What do the UGC plagiarism regulations 2018 say about similarity levels, penalties and referencing in India?
The UGC plagiarism regulations 2018 clause by clause: the four levels, what the count leaves out, penalties, panels, Shodhganga, and the styles universities use.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
UMGC APA format: citing at University of Maryland Global Campus
Which citation style does University of Maryland Global Campus use, and what are UMGC's own APA rules?
How UMGC wants APA 7: the library's rules page by page, its format for classroom material, which courses use MLA or Chicago, and a checked example.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 13 min read
UNILAG referencing style: APA 7th, Zoology rules, thesis format
Which referencing style does the University of Lagos (UNILAG) use?
How to reference at UNILAG from its own documents: APA 7th at the DLI, the Zoology house style, worked examples, and what to fix after EdCitation.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 13 min read
UNISA referencing guide: Harvard, APA 7 and study guides
How do I reference in Harvard at UNISA?
UNISA's Harvard and APA 7 rules from its own library guides: citations, the reference list, study guides, et al., AI, and what to fix after EdCitation.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 13 min read
University of Birmingham referencing guide: Harvard at UoB
Which referencing style does the University of Birmingham use?
Birmingham Harvard from the University of Birmingham's own library guide: et al., place of publication, DOIs, accessed dates, school styles and a worked list.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 13 min read
University of Edinburgh referencing guide: styles and Harvard
Which referencing style does the University of Edinburgh use?
Edinburgh referencing from the University's own library pages: which School uses which style, its BS ISO 690 Harvard, a worked example and what to change by hand.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
University of Ghana referencing style: APA and thesis format
Which referencing style does the University of Ghana use?
University of Ghana referencing from its own pages: the UG APA guidelines, the library's APA 7th handout, thesis rules, and what to fix after EdCitation.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 13 min read
University of Glasgow referencing: the Harvard (Leeds) style
Which referencing style does the University of Glasgow use?
The University of Glasgow Library's Harvard (Leeds) rules: et al. from three authors, accessed dates, subject styles and a worked reference list.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
University of Manchester referencing: Harvard Manchester style
Which referencing style does the University of Manchester use?
The University of Manchester's Harvard Manchester style from its library guide: et al., DOIs, accessed dates, School styles and a worked reference list.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
University of Nairobi referencing style and UoN thesis format
Which referencing style does the University of Nairobi use?
University of Nairobi referencing from UoN's own documents: APA 6th in Business, APA 7th in Civil Engineering, the SPS style, and what to fix after EdCitation.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
University of Portsmouth referencing: APA 7th, not Harvard
Which referencing style does the University of Portsmouth use?
Portsmouth's APA 7th referencing from its own library guide: et al., dates, page numbers, a worked list, and the styles set for Law, Pharmacy and History.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
University of Pretoria referencing: UP Harvard and APA 7
Which referencing style does the University of Pretoria use?
University of Pretoria referencing from the UP Library's own guides: APA 7, the faculty Harvards, a worked list and what to fix after EdCitation.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
University of Toronto citation style: APA, MLA and Chicago
Which citation style does the University of Toronto use?
The citation styles U of T faculties set, from its library's own guides: APA 7, MLA 9, Chicago, IEEE and ASA, a worked APA list, and what to fix by hand.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
University of Waterloo citation style: IEEE, APA and more
Which citation style does the University of Waterloo use?
University of Waterloo citation styles from its Library and engineering pages: IEEE and APA rules, a worked IEEE example, and what to fix after EdCitation.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
UNSW referencing guide: Harvard and APA 7, with examples
Which referencing style does UNSW use?
UNSW referencing from UNSW's own guides: its two accepted styles, UNSW Harvard and APA rules, faculty exceptions, worked examples and what to fix by hand.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 13 min read
VU referencing style: APA at the Virtual University of Pakistan
Which referencing style does the Virtual University of Pakistan use?
The Virtual University of Pakistan's APA rules from its handbook, thesis guidelines and final project handbooks, with a worked list and what to fix by hand.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
October 2, 2026 · 12 min read
What is the purpose of a reference, and can AI write one?
What is the purpose of a reference, and can AI write my references for me?
Why we cite sources, what APA, MLA, Chicago and Harvard say a reference is for, what universities say about AI-written references, and how to keep the promise.
Everyone
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
ABNT NBR 6023 and NBR 10520, the Brazilian referencing style
How do I write references and citations in ABNT style, following NBR 6023 and NBR 10520?
ABNT NBR 6023 and NBR 10520 explained: surnames in capitals, bold titles, In:, Disponível em:, apud, a table against APA 7, and real examples.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 14 min read
Arabic citation styles: APA in Arabic, footnotes and names
How do I cite sources in Arabic citation styles?
How Arab universities and journals write APA in Arabic, when they use footnotes, how to order Arabic names and lists, and how to romanise with IJMES.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 12 min read
Chicago style history essay: archives, letters, primary sources
How do I cite archives, letters and primary sources in a Chicago author-date history essay?
Cite books, articles, archives, letters, diaries, newspapers, maps and reprints in a Chicago author-date history essay, with worked examples and department rules.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
Chinese GB/T 7714 citation style: the 2015 and 2025 rules
How do I cite sources in the Chinese GB/T 7714 citation style?
GB/T 7714 explained from the standard itself: numbered and author-year systems, [J] and [M] type codes, Chinese and pinyin names, and what the 2025 edition changed.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 12 min read
Citation in Indian universities: styles, UGC rules and names
Which citation style do Indian universities use?
Which citation styles Indian universities and UGC-CARE journals ask for, what the UGC's 2018 plagiarism rules say, Shodhganga, and how to write Indian names.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
Cited a source you didn't read? As cited in, style by style
Can I cite something I haven't read, and how do I write "as cited in" or a secondary citation?
How to cite a source found inside another in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, IEEE and Vancouver, why reading the original matters, and how to fix a list honestly.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 12 min read
Citing at US colleges: MLA or APA, by major and department
Which citation style do US colleges and universities use?
Which citation style US colleges ask for by major, from named writing centers and libraries, with how to use a writing center and what honor codes say.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
Citing sources on Wikipedia, and citing Wikipedia in an essay
How do I add a citation on Wikipedia, what counts as a reliable source there, and can I cite Wikipedia in an essay?
Wikipedia's own rules on verifiability, reliable sources and citation needed, how the Cite tool works, and what universities say about citing Wikipedia.
Everyone
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
Dutch and Scandinavian referencing: APA, van der and æ, ø, å
How do universities in the Netherlands, Flanders and the Nordic countries adapt APA, and how do they alphabetise names and national letters?
How APA 7 changes in Dutch, Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, Finnish and Icelandic, where van der files, and where æ, ø, å, ä, ö, ð and þ go in a list.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
Et al. and other citation rules that changed between editions
What changed between APA 6 and 7, MLA 8 and 9, and Chicago 17 and 18?
APA 6 to 7, MLA 7 to 8 to 9, Chicago 17 to 18 and Cite Them Right 12 to 13, side by side: each rule that changed, the old form, the new one and an example.
Everyone
September 26, 2026 · 12 min read
French citation norms: NF ISO 690 and what universities ask
How do you cite sources in French academic work, with NF ISO 690, footnotes or APA in French?
How French, Belgian, Swiss and Québec universities cite: NF ISO 690, footnotes with ibid., op. cit. and art. cit., APA in French, and French typography.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
From underlining to italics: how the typewriter shaped citation
Why were titles underlined in citations, and when did citation styles switch from underlining to italics?
Why citation titles were once underlined, the printer's mark behind the habit, and the edition in which MLA, APA, Chicago and Turabian moved to italics.
Everyone
September 26, 2026 · 12 min read
German citation styles: footnotes, Harvard and DIN ISO 690
How do you cite sources at German, Austrian and Swiss universities?
How German, Austrian and Swiss universities cite: footnotes with Vollbeleg and Kurzbeleg, ebd., Harvard author-date, DIN ISO 690 and law's own rules.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
HEC plagiarism policy and referencing rules in Pakistan
What does the HEC plagiarism policy allow, and which referencing style do Pakistani universities use?
What the HEC's 2023 plagiarism policy says about the 19% similarity index, thesis rules, HJRS, the styles Pakistani universities ask for, and Pakistani names.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 12 min read
Helping your child cite sources for a school project
How do I help my child cite sources for a school project without doing the work for them?
What schools ask children to do with sources at each age, how much help is allowed, where to find safe sources, and a family plan for a first bibliography.
Secondary school
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
How to cite a dissertation or thesis in six citation styles
How do I cite a dissertation or thesis in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, IEEE or Vancouver?
Cite a dissertation or thesis in APA 7, MLA 9, Chicago, Harvard, IEEE and Vancouver: ProQuest, repository and print copies, DOIs, and what records leave out.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
How to cite a non-English source in APA, MLA, Harvard and more
How do I cite a source in another language in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, IEEE or Vancouver?
Cite a source in another language in APA 7, MLA 9, Chicago, Harvard, IEEE and Vancouver: original title, translation in brackets, scripts and your own translations.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 14 min read
How to cite a podcast or video transcript, with timestamps
How do I cite a podcast or video transcript, and put a timestamp in the citation?
Cite a podcast, YouTube video, TED talk or lecture, or its transcript, in APA 7, MLA 9, Chicago, Harvard, IEEE and Vancouver, with time stamps.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
How to cite a translated article or chapter in APA, MLA and more
How do I cite a translated journal article or a translated chapter in an edited book in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, IEEE or Vancouver?
Cite a translated journal article, a chapter in an edited book or a classic essay in APA 7, MLA 9, Chicago, Harvard, IEEE and Vancouver.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
How to cite a translated book in APA, MLA, Harvard and more
How do I cite a translated book, with the translator and the original date, in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, IEEE or Vancouver?
Cite a translated book in APA 7, MLA 9, Chicago, Harvard, IEEE and Vancouver: where the translator goes, the original date, editors, and one table.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
How to cite an interview transcript in APA, MLA, Harvard and more
How do I cite an interview or an interview transcript in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, IEEE or Vancouver?
Cite a published interview, an oral history, a transcript in a data archive, your own research interviews and a personal communication, in six styles.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
How to cite Arabic sources in APA, MLA, Chicago and Harvard
How do I cite an Arabic-language source in an English paper in APA, MLA, Chicago or Harvard?
Cite Arabic-language sources in APA 7, MLA 9, Chicago and Harvard: romanised titles, translations in brackets, al- names, Hijri dates, the Quran and hadith.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
How to cite sources in a blog post, newsletter or video
How do I cite sources in a blog post, a newsletter, a YouTube video or a social media post?
How to cite sources in a blog post, newsletter, YouTube video or social media post: link the original study, credit images with TASL, and copy our examples.
Everyone
September 26, 2026 · 12 min read
How to cite sources in a non-fiction book
How do I cite sources in a non-fiction book?
Endnotes, author-date or notes keyed to the page: what six publishers ask of non-fiction authors, when a quotation needs permission, and how to keep source records.
ResearcherEveryone
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
How to cite your own translation in APA, MLA, Chicago and Harvard
How do I cite a quotation I translated myself in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, IEEE or Vancouver?
Cite a quotation you translated yourself in APA 7, MLA 9, Chicago, Harvard, IEEE and Vancouver: quotation marks, the original, machine translation and more.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
How to quote a foreign language source in APA, MLA and Chicago
How do I quote a source written in another language, and do I give the original, a translation or both?
Quote a source in another language in APA 7, MLA 9, Chicago, Harvard, IEEE and Vancouver: original or translation, italics, block quotations and other scripts.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
Ibid., op. cit. and loc. cit. explained, style by style
What do ibid., op. cit. and loc. cit. mean, and which citation styles still allow them?
What ibid., op. cit., loc. cit., idem, cf. and passim mean, where they came from, and which styles still allow each one in 2026, from each style's own rules.
Everyone
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
Indonesian and Malaysian citation: daftar pustaka and theses
How do Indonesian and Malaysian universities want sources cited?
How Indonesian and Malaysian universities and journals want references: APA with dkk. and t.t., Gaya UKM, Malay names without bin, SINTA, Garuda and MyCite.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
Italian citation styles: footnotes, autore-data and UNI ISO 690
How do you cite sources in a tesi di laurea at an Italian university?
How Italian universities cite: the nota a piè di pagina with ivi, ibidem and cit., the sistema autore-data, UNI ISO 690, small capitals and the tesi's bibliografia.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
Japanese citation styles: SIST 02 and journal styles
How do I cite sources in Japanese citation styles such as SIST 02?
Japanese citation styles read at source: SIST 02 and its status, the psychology and sociology society styles, names and romanisation, and 「」 and 『』.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 12 min read
Korean citation styles: APA, footnotes and romanisation
How do I cite sources in Korean citation styles?
Korean citation styles read at source: APA as Korean journals apply it, footnotes in history and law, Revised Romanization, and finding papers in KCI and RISS.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 12 min read
Names in references: family name first, van der, al- and Jr.
How do I write Chinese, Spanish, Dutch, Arabic, Indonesian and other author names in a reference list?
Family name first, two surnames, van der, al-, Jr. and one-name authors in APA 7, MLA 9, Chicago, Harvard, IEEE and Vancouver, with real, checked examples.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
Polish and Central European citation styles and ISO 690
What citation styles do Polish, Czech, Slovak and Hungarian universities use?
How Polish, Czech, Slovak and Hungarian universities cite: footnotes with tamże and dz. cyt., Harvard, PN-ISO 690, ČSN and STN ISO 690, and names with diacritics.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
Quoting and copyright: how much can you quote without permission?
How much can I quote from a book, poem or song without permission, and is citing the source enough for copyright?
Fair use and fair dealing read at the US Copyright Office and the UK IPO, publishers' rules on poems and song lyrics, and why a citation is not permission.
ResearcherEveryone
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
Referencing at Australian universities: Harvard, APA 7, AGLC
Which referencing style do Australian universities use?
Which referencing styles ten Australian universities ask for, how Australian Harvard differs from UK Harvard, AGLC and Vancouver, and which have dropped Harvard.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
Referencing at Canadian universities: APA, MLA or McGill Guide
Which citation style do Canadian universities use?
The citation styles Canadian universities set, subject by subject, from McGill, UofT, UBC, Queen's, Laval and others, with law, government sources and French.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
Referencing at New Zealand and Irish universities: APA, Harvard
Which referencing style do New Zealand and Irish universities use?
The referencing styles New Zealand and Irish universities set, from their own library guides: APA 7, two Harvards, NZLSG, OSCOLA Ireland and te reo Māori sources.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
Referencing at Nigerian universities: APA, UIMS, project format
Which referencing style do Nigerian universities use for projects and theses?
Which referencing styles Nigerian universities ask for, from their own guidelines: APA, UIMS at Ibadan, project format, Nigerian names and plagiarism rules.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 14 min read
Referencing at South African universities: UNISA Harvard to APA
Which referencing style do South African universities use?
The referencing styles South African universities set, from nine library guides: UNISA's Augmented Harvard, UCT Author-date, Wits, APA 7, Vancouver, IEEE and law.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
Referencing at universities in the Gulf: APA, theses, integrity
Which referencing style do universities in the UAE, Saudi Arabia and Qatar use?
Which citation styles universities in the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman and Bahrain ask for, their thesis format rules and integrity policy wording.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
Russian GOST citation style: GOST R 7.0.100-2018 and 7.0.5-2008
How do I cite sources in the Russian GOST citation style?
The GOST standards for Russian reference lists, read at source: the slash and dash punctuation, what replaced [Текст], in-text references and transliteration.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
Secondary data dissertations: finding and citing datasets
How do I write a dissertation on secondary data and cite the datasets?
A dissertation on secondary data: what universities allow, where to find datasets, their licences, and how to cite a dataset in six styles with its version and DOI.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 12 min read
Simplified and traditional Chinese characters in references
Should I cite a source in simplified or traditional Chinese characters, and how do I romanise it?
Simplified or traditional Chinese characters in a reference, from official sources: where each is standard, Mandarin and Cantonese, pinyin, names and mixed lists.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 14 min read
Spanish citation styles: APA in Spanish and UNE-ISO 690
Which citation styles do Spanish and Latin American universities use, and how does APA change in Spanish?
How APA 7 changes in Spanish, what UNE-ISO 690 asks for, how to write two surnames, and where footnotes survive, from Spanish and Latin American library guides.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 11 min read
Studying abroad: which citation style will I need, by country
Which citation style will I need if I study abroad?
Which citation style you will need abroad, country by country and subject by subject, from 20 universities' own guides, and what else changes when you switch.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
The first citation index, from Garfield to the impact factor
Who created the first citation index, and where did the journal impact factor come from?
How Shepard's Citations led Eugene Garfield to the Science Citation Index and the impact factor, and what Scopus, open citations, DORA and Leiden changed.
Everyone
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
The history of IEEE references and numbered citation
Where did IEEE reference style come from, and how has it changed?
How IEEE's numbered references grew out of the IRE's footnotes, what each IEEE guide changed from 2007 to 2025, and how the style differs from Vancouver.
Everyone
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
The most cited papers of all time, and why Lowry is still first
What is the most cited paper of all time?
Nature's top 100 lists of 2014 and 2025, why Lowry's protein assay leads them, why each index gives a different count, and how to find a topic's most cited papers.
Everyone
September 26, 2026 · 14 min read
The oldest bibliographies, from Callimachus to Gessner
What was the first bibliography, and how did lists of sources turn into the modern reference list?
How lists of sources grew from the lost Pinakes through Jerome, Trithemius and Gessner to national bibliographies, and what each recorded about a book.
Everyone
September 26, 2026 · 14 min read
Title case or sentence case? APA, MLA, Chicago and Harvard rules
Should titles and headings be in title case or sentence case in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, IEEE and Vancouver?
Which titles and headings take title case or sentence case in APA 7, MLA 9, Chicago, Harvard, IEEE and Vancouver, with colons, hyphens and acronyms explained.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
Transliteration and romanisation in references, style by style
How do I transliterate or romanise a title or an author's name in a reference list?
When to transliterate a title or name in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, IEEE and Vancouver, and which system to use: ALA-LC, ISO 9, BGN/PCGN, Pinyin, Hepburn, IJMES.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
Turkish citation styles: ISNAD and APA 7 in Turkish
Which citation styles do Turkish universities and journals use, and how does ISNAD work?
How ISNAD's footnote and author-date versions work, how APA 7 changes in Turkish, what thesis guides ask, and how to keep ç, ğ, ı and İ right.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 12 min read
Which referencing style do UK universities use? Harvard to OSCOLA
Which referencing style do UK universities use?
The referencing styles UK universities set, subject by subject, from their own library guides: Harvard, APA 7, OSCOLA, MHRA, list or bibliography, and a 2:1.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 26, 2026 · 13 min read
Why citation styles keep changing, and who decides
Why do citation styles keep changing, and who decides when a new edition comes out?
Who owns APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, IEEE and Vancouver, why new editions come, how long each lasts, and what to do when one changes mid-degree.
Everyone
September 24, 2026 · 13 min read
How to share a reference list with your group
How do we share one reference list for a group assignment and keep it right?
One list, one style, one keeper: how a group divides its sources, catches duplicate entries and a/b clashes, and checks the merged list before hand-in.
Undergraduate
September 24, 2026 · 14 min read
Joint degree referencing: one source in every style
How do I reference on a joint degree when my two departments ask for different citation styles?
Why joint degrees meet two referencing styles, one article, book and chapter set in six styles, the traps in switching, and one reference list kept for both.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 24, 2026 · 13 min read
Retired citation rules you can stop following, by edition
Which old citation rules have APA, MLA, Chicago and Harvard dropped, and in which edition?
The publisher's city, Retrieved from, doi:, Print, Web and underlining: each retired citation rule, the edition that dropped it, and what to write now.
Everyone
September 24, 2026 · 13 min read
The history of the Chicago Manual of Style, from 1906 to 2024
How did the Chicago Manual of Style begin, and what changed in each edition up to the 18th?
The Chicago Manual of Style edition by edition, from the 1906 house rules to the 18th: when author-date arrived, and how Kate Turabian's manual began.
Everyone
September 24, 2026 · 13 min read
The history of the DOI, and why a DOI outlives a URL
Where did the DOI come from, and why does a DOI link keep working when a URL breaks?
How the DOI grew from CNRI's Handle System into Crossref, DataCite and ISO 26324, and what link rot studies show a DOI does and does not protect.
Everyone
September 24, 2026 · 14 min read
The Vancouver Group and the history of Vancouver style
Where did Vancouver style come from, and who sets its rules today?
How a 1978 meeting of medical editors in Vancouver produced the Uniform Requirements, the ICMJE and the NLM's reference rules, edition by edition.
Everyone
September 24, 2026 · 14 min read
Who invented the footnote? From marginal glosses to Gibbon
Who invented the footnote, and what are footnotes for today?
How the footnote grew from medieval glosses through Bayle, Gibbon and Ranke, which stories cannot be confirmed, and what notes do in each style now.
Everyone
September 23, 2026 · 13 min read
APA 7 format for a whole paper, section by section
How do I format a whole paper in APA 7, section by section?
Set out a whole APA 7 paper in page order: abstract and keywords, quotations, lists, numbers, tables, figures, footnotes and appendices, read at APA Style.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 23, 2026 · 13 min read
Chicago and Turabian student paper format, page by page
How do I format a student paper in Chicago or Turabian style?
Format a whole Chicago or Turabian student paper: title page, margins, font, spacing, page numbers, headings, quotations, tables, figures and reference list.
Undergraduate
September 23, 2026 · 13 min read
Chicago author-date referencing guide for the 18th edition
How do I reference in Chicago author-date style?
How to cite and list sources in Chicago author-date style, every rule read at Chicago's own pages: citations, et al., the reference list and each main source.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 23, 2026 · 12 min read
Harvard style essay format and report layout, who sets each rule
How do I format an essay or a report in Harvard style?
Harvard fixes the citations and the reference list; your university sets the page. Three universities' essay and report rules compared, with a last checklist.
Undergraduate
September 23, 2026 · 13 min read
How to cite a book or ebook in APA, MLA, Chicago and Harvard
How do I cite a book or an ebook in APA, MLA, Chicago and Harvard?
The book and ebook reference in APA 7, MLA 9, Chicago 18 and Harvard, each rule read at its source, with one real book cited in all four styles.
Secondary schoolUndergraduate
September 23, 2026 · 13 min read
How to cite a textbook chapter in APA, MLA, Chicago and Harvard
How do I cite a chapter of a textbook in APA, MLA, Chicago and Harvard?
The chapter cases a textbook raises, authored, edited, open online and with a DOI, in APA 7, MLA 9, Chicago 18 and Harvard, every rule read at its source.
Secondary schoolUndergraduate
September 23, 2026 · 13 min read
How to cite sources for homework and short assignments
How do I cite sources quickly and correctly for homework and short assignments?
The four facts every citation needs, what to record for the sources school students meet most, and the fastest correct route to the entry.
Secondary school
September 23, 2026 · 13 min read
IEEE paper format for conference papers and student reports
How do I format a paper in IEEE style?
Set out a paper in IEEE format from the IEEE's own templates and style manual: columns, headings, captions, equations, units, and how a student report differs.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 23, 2026 · 13 min read
IEEE referencing guide with examples from IEEE's own guide
How do I reference in IEEE style?
How to cite and list sources in IEEE style, each rule read in the IEEE Reference Guide: numbers, authors, abbreviations, DOIs, URLs and every main source.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 23, 2026 · 13 min read
MLA 9 format for a whole paper, from heading to Works Cited
How do I format a paper in MLA 9?
Set out a whole paper in MLA 9: margins, header, first-page heading, headings, quotations of prose, poetry and plays, numbers, tables, notes and a final check.
Secondary schoolUndergraduate
September 23, 2026 · 13 min read
The history of APA Style, from 1929 to the 7th edition
How did APA Style begin, and how has it changed from 1929 to the 7th edition?
How APA Style grew from a seven-page 1929 article to the 7th edition, edition by edition, and where the rules students meet today came from.
Everyone
September 23, 2026 · 13 min read
The history of MLA style, from a 1931 style sheet to MLA 9
Where did MLA style come from, and what changed in each edition up to the 9th?
Every edition of MLA style from the 1931 PMLA style sheet to the 2021 ninth edition, and when footnotes, underlining, Print and Web gave way.
Everyone
September 23, 2026 · 13 min read
Vancouver referencing guide with examples from the NLM
How do I reference in Vancouver style?
How to cite and list sources in Vancouver style, each rule read at the NLM and the ICMJE: numbers, authors, abbreviations, web pages and every main source.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 23, 2026 · 12 min read
When to use APA style, and when another style suits better
When should I use APA style, and when is it the wrong choice?
EdCitation's view on when to use APA style: the fields and papers it suits, where MLA, Chicago, IEEE or Vancouver serve better, and how to decide.
Undergraduate
September 23, 2026 · 12 min read
When to use Chicago author-date, and when you need footnotes
When should I use Chicago author-date, and when do I need Chicago's notes and bibliography instead?
EdCitation's view on when Chicago author-date suits a paper, when a course needs Chicago footnotes instead, and how to tell which Chicago a brief means.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 23, 2026 · 12 min read
When to use Harvard referencing, and why no two versions agree
When should I use Harvard referencing, and why do universities' versions differ?
EdCitation's view on when to use Harvard referencing, where APA, MLA, IEEE or Vancouver fit better, why universities' versions differ, and how to find yours.
Undergraduate
September 23, 2026 · 11 min read
When to use IEEE style, and when to choose another
When should I use IEEE style, and when is another style better?
EdCitation's view on when to use IEEE style: the technical work it suits, where APA, Harvard, MLA or Vancouver serve better, and a way to decide.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 23, 2026 · 11 min read
When to use MLA style, and when it is the wrong choice
When should I use MLA style, and when is it the wrong choice?
EdCitation's view on when to use MLA style, when APA, Harvard, IEEE, Vancouver or Chicago fits better, and a step-by-step way to choose, every fact sourced.
Secondary schoolUndergraduate
September 23, 2026 · 11 min read
When to use Vancouver style, and when another style is better
When should I use Vancouver style, and when is another style better?
EdCitation's view on when to use Vancouver style: the journals and courses it suits, where APA, Harvard or IEEE fit better, and a way to decide.
UndergraduatePostgraduate
September 23, 2026 · 13 min read
Where Harvard referencing came from, and why it has many versions
Where did Harvard referencing come from, and why is there no single Harvard style?
How an 1881 paper on slug eggs began author-date citation, why nobody knows who named it Harvard, and how Cite Them Right became one Harvard among many.
Everyone
September 22, 2026 · 11 min read
APA 7 citations with no author, no date or no page numbers
How do I cite a source with no author, no date or no page numbers in APA 7?
What APA 7 does when the author, the date, the title or the page numbers are missing, with a reference and an in-text example for each and a table to copy.
Undergraduate
September 22, 2026 · 13 min read
APA vs MLA vs Chicago, and which citation style to use
What is the difference between APA, MLA and Chicago, and which should I use?
APA, MLA and Chicago compared in one table, with the same journal article cited in each style, and a plain rule for choosing the right one for your assignment.
Everyone
September 22, 2026 · 13 min read
Harvard referencing guide with Cite Them Right examples
How do I reference in Harvard style?
How to cite in the text and build a reference list in Harvard style, with Cite Them Right examples for a book, a chapter, a journal article and a web page.
Undergraduate
September 22, 2026 · 13 min read
How to cite a website in APA 7
How do I cite a website in APA 7th edition?
The APA 7 pattern for a web page, with checked examples for a named author, an organisation, no author, no date, news sites and retrieval dates.
Undergraduate
September 22, 2026 · 12 min read
How to cite ChatGPT and AI tools in APA, MLA and Chicago
How do I cite ChatGPT in APA, MLA and Chicago?
The current official formats for citing ChatGPT and other AI tools in APA 7, MLA 9 and Chicago, with an example of each and what to check before you use one.
Everyone
September 22, 2026 · 14 min read
How to format an MLA 9 Works Cited page
How do I format an MLA 9 Works Cited page?
Set up an MLA 9 Works Cited page step by step, learn the nine core elements and containers, and copy correct examples for a book, an article, a website and a video.
Secondary schoolUndergraduate
September 22, 2026 · 11 min read
Reference list, bibliography or works cited, explained
What is the difference between a reference list, a bibliography and a works cited page?
What a reference list, a bibliography and a works cited page each contain, which style uses which name, and what to do when your assignment uses the words loosely.
Everyone
September 22, 2026 · 11 min read
When to use et al. in APA, MLA, Chicago and Harvard
When do I use et al. in APA, MLA, Chicago and Harvard?
How many authors it takes before you write et al. in APA 7, MLA 9, Chicago 18, Harvard, IEEE and Vancouver, in the text and in the reference list.
Everyone
September 22, 2026 · 13 min read
APA 7 in-text citations: the rules students most often miss
How do I write in-text citations in APA 7th edition?
The APA 7 in-text citation rules that cost the most marks, each with a correct example, from et al. and page numbers to group authors and missing details.
Undergraduate