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Guides: citing and referencing

All citing and referencing guides
20 facts about citation, from Callimachus to ChatGPT
Academic writing in Arabic: thesis structure, style and terms
How to transcribe and cite a handwritten manuscript
Persian citation styles: APA in Persian, Solar Hijri dates, names
Referencing at Universiti Malaya: UM APA 7th edition rules
Right-to-left scripts in a reference list: Hebrew, Urdu, Persian
The papers with the most authors, and how to cite them
Translations that changed scholarship, and how to cite them
University of the Philippines referencing: APA, MLA, thesis rules
AIOU referencing style: APA at Allama Iqbal Open University
APA format in the Philippines: university theses and SHS research
Arden University Harvard referencing: the AU Harvard rules
Are citation generators accurate? What the studies found
Are citation generators bad for students? Our view and the fix
ASU APA format and citation styles at Arizona State University
Athabasca University APA and MLA: how to cite at AU
Capella APA format: citing at Capella University in APA 7
Citing at community college: MLA or APA, course by course
Citing sources on slides and in speaker notes: APA, MLA, Chicago
Coventry University referencing: APA 7 and CU Harvard guide
Delhi University referencing style: APA 7 and department rules
Dhaka University referencing style: APA 7, APA 6th, thesis rules
GCU APA format and style guide: citing at Grand Canyon University
How to cite research in a policy brief: footnotes or references
How to cite sources in a PowerPoint or consulting deck
IGNOU project referencing style: APA, programme by programme
King Saud University citation style: APA, IEEE, thesis guide
King's College London referencing guide: KCL Harvard and APA
Leeds Harvard referencing: how to reference at Leeds
Liberty University APA format and Turabian: citing at Liberty
LUMS citation style: how to cite at LUMS, with APA examples
Massey University referencing: APA 7, OWLL and other styles
McGill citation style: APA 7, Chicago, MLA and the McGill Guide
Northumbria University referencing: Harvard Cite Them Right
NOUN referencing style: APA format, projects and course materials
NWU Harvard referencing: the North-West University guide
Open University Harvard referencing: Cite Them Right at the OU
Purdue Global APA format: citing at Purdue University Global
Qatar University citation style: APA, thesis rules, departments
Referencing at Anglia Ruskin University: ARU Harvard explained
Referencing at Curtin University: APA 7th, Chicago, Vancouver
Referencing at Deakin University: APA 7, Vancouver, Harvard
Referencing at Kenyan and Ghanaian universities: APA to Harvard
Referencing at Malaysian and Singapore universities: APA, Harvard
Referencing at Monash University: APA 7, Harvard, Vancouver
Referencing at NUS: NUS citation style, APA and thesis format
Referencing at the University of Auckland: APA 7th and QuickCite
Referencing at the University of Melbourne: APA 7 and Re:cite
Referencing at the University of Queensland: UQ APA 7th guide
Referencing in a new academic system: what changes abroad
Referencing on English-taught degrees in Europe: styles and rules
RMIT referencing: RMIT Harvard, APA 7th and Easy Cite
Sheffield Hallam referencing: APA 7, not SHU Harvard
SNHU APA format: citing at Southern New Hampshire University
The scholarly conversation: what it means and how to join it
UAEU citation style: APA, MLA and Chicago at UAE University
UBC citation style guide: APA 7, MLA and Chicago at UBC
UCL Harvard referencing: the UCL referencing guide explained
UGC plagiarism regulations 2018 and referencing rules in India
UMGC APA format: citing at University of Maryland Global Campus
UNILAG referencing style: APA 7th, Zoology rules, thesis format
UNISA referencing guide: Harvard, APA 7 and study guides
University of Birmingham referencing guide: Harvard at UoB
University of Edinburgh referencing guide: styles and Harvard
University of Ghana referencing style: APA and thesis format
University of Glasgow referencing: the Harvard (Leeds) style
University of Manchester referencing: Harvard Manchester style
University of Nairobi referencing style and UoN thesis format
University of Portsmouth referencing: APA 7th, not Harvard
University of Pretoria referencing: UP Harvard and APA 7
University of Toronto citation style: APA, MLA and Chicago
University of Waterloo citation style: IEEE, APA and more
UNSW referencing guide: Harvard and APA 7, with examples
VU referencing style: APA at the Virtual University of Pakistan
What is the purpose of a reference, and can AI write one?
ABNT NBR 6023 and NBR 10520, the Brazilian referencing style
Arabic citation styles: APA in Arabic, footnotes and names
Chicago style history essay: archives, letters, primary sources
Chinese GB/T 7714 citation style: the 2015 and 2025 rules
Citation in Indian universities: styles, UGC rules and names
Cited a source you didn't read? As cited in, style by style
Citing at US colleges: MLA or APA, by major and department
Citing sources on Wikipedia, and citing Wikipedia in an essay
Dutch and Scandinavian referencing: APA, van der and æ, ø, å
Et al. and other citation rules that changed between editions
French citation norms: NF ISO 690 and what universities ask
From underlining to italics: how the typewriter shaped citation
German citation styles: footnotes, Harvard and DIN ISO 690
HEC plagiarism policy and referencing rules in Pakistan
Helping your child cite sources for a school project
How to cite a dissertation or thesis in six citation styles
How to cite a non-English source in APA, MLA, Harvard and more
How to cite a podcast or video transcript, with timestamps
How to cite a translated article or chapter in APA, MLA and more
How to cite a translated book in APA, MLA, Harvard and more
How to cite an interview transcript in APA, MLA, Harvard and more
How to cite Arabic sources in APA, MLA, Chicago and Harvard
How to cite sources in a blog post, newsletter or video
How to cite sources in a non-fiction book
How to cite your own translation in APA, MLA, Chicago and Harvard
How to quote a foreign language source in APA, MLA and Chicago
Ibid., op. cit. and loc. cit. explained, style by style
Indonesian and Malaysian citation: daftar pustaka and theses
Italian citation styles: footnotes, autore-data and UNI ISO 690
Japanese citation styles: SIST 02 and journal styles
Korean citation styles: APA, footnotes and romanisation
Names in references: family name first, van der, al- and Jr.
Polish and Central European citation styles and ISO 690
Quoting and copyright: how much can you quote without permission?
Referencing at Australian universities: Harvard, APA 7, AGLC
Referencing at Canadian universities: APA, MLA or McGill Guide
Referencing at New Zealand and Irish universities: APA, Harvard
Referencing at Nigerian universities: APA, UIMS, project format
Referencing at South African universities: UNISA Harvard to APA
Referencing at universities in the Gulf: APA, theses, integrity
Russian GOST citation style: GOST R 7.0.100-2018 and 7.0.5-2008
Secondary data dissertations: finding and citing datasets
Simplified and traditional Chinese characters in references
Spanish citation styles: APA in Spanish and UNE-ISO 690
Studying abroad: which citation style will I need, by country
The first citation index, from Garfield to the impact factor
The history of IEEE references and numbered citation
The most cited papers of all time, and why Lowry is still first
The oldest bibliographies, from Callimachus to Gessner
Title case or sentence case? APA, MLA, Chicago and Harvard rules
Transliteration and romanisation in references, style by style
Turkish citation styles: ISNAD and APA 7 in Turkish
Which referencing style do UK universities use? Harvard to OSCOLA
Why citation styles keep changing, and who decides
How to share a reference list with your group
Joint degree referencing: one source in every style
Retired citation rules you can stop following, by edition
The history of the Chicago Manual of Style, from 1906 to 2024
The history of the DOI, and why a DOI outlives a URL
The Vancouver Group and the history of Vancouver style
Who invented the footnote? From marginal glosses to Gibbon
APA 7 format for a whole paper, section by section
Chicago and Turabian student paper format, page by page
Chicago author-date referencing guide for the 18th edition
Harvard style essay format and report layout, who sets each rule
How to cite a book or ebook in APA, MLA, Chicago and Harvard
How to cite a textbook chapter in APA, MLA, Chicago and Harvard
How to cite sources for homework and short assignments
IEEE paper format for conference papers and student reports
IEEE referencing guide with examples from IEEE's own guide
MLA 9 format for a whole paper, from heading to Works Cited
The history of APA Style, from 1929 to the 7th edition
The history of MLA style, from a 1931 style sheet to MLA 9
Vancouver referencing guide with examples from the NLM
When to use APA style, and when another style suits better
When to use Chicago author-date, and when you need footnotes
When to use Harvard referencing, and why no two versions agree
When to use IEEE style, and when to choose another
When to use MLA style, and when it is the wrong choice
When to use Vancouver style, and when another style is better
Where Harvard referencing came from, and why it has many versions
APA 7 citations with no author, no date or no page numbers
APA vs MLA vs Chicago, and which citation style to use
Harvard referencing guide with Cite Them Right examples
How to cite a website in APA 7
How to cite ChatGPT and AI tools in APA, MLA and Chicago
How to format an MLA 9 Works Cited page
Reference list, bibliography or works cited, explained
When to use et al. in APA, MLA, Chicago and Harvard
APA 7 in-text citations: the rules students most often miss

Guides: checking references

All checking references guides
Strange retractions: 11 odd cases and what to do if you cited one
The most retracted researchers: the Retraction Watch leaderboard
Assessment design for AI: assignments with checkable sources
Checking a thesis reference list: a supervisor's checklist
How to improve the quality of your sources in an essay
How to improve your reference list in an hour: a timed plan
Information literacy lesson plan: a one-shot on source checking
Screening manuscript references for fabrication and retraction
Should referencing be marked? The case for checking sources
Writing centre tutors and references: what you can and cannot do
Can't find a reference or its DOI? Why, and what to do next
Citation errors in published research: what studies found
Common referencing mistakes students make: what studies found
Deadline tonight: the 30-minute reference check
Famous plagiarism cases in literature and scholarship
Final checks before submitting a thesis or dissertation
Hoax papers that fooled journals, from Sokal to SCIgen
How to teach referencing to first-year students in one session
Retracted papers still being cited: what the studies found
Teaching students to cite sources: a guide for secondary teachers
Why did I lose marks for referencing? Feedback comments decoded
How fabrication scandals in journalism and science were caught
Check your paper before you submit: the complete checklist
Checking submissions against the assignment brief and rubric
How to check your paper against the marking rubric
How to mark APA formatting faster and more consistently
How to run a reference check for a whole class, fairly
In-text citations that do not match the reference list
Leftover comments, tracked changes and template text in a paper
Replace a weak or retracted source with a better one
Upload your paper and check every reference before you submit
Writing tutor feedback against the brief, without editing
Academic integrity policy wording for AI and references
Are Elicit, Consensus and Scite citations reliable?
Are Perplexity's citations accurate? Real links, wrong claims
ChatGPT fake citations and how to find and fix them
Claude fake citations and how to find and fix them
Do Meta AI, Mistral and other chatbots invent references?
Does DeepSeek make up references, and how to check them
Does Grok make up sources, and how to check its citations
Gemini fake citations and how to find and fix them
How to check your references before journal submission
How to detect fake citations in a literature review
How to mark reference lists faster, in five minutes a paper
How to spot fabricated references in student work
How to teach students to verify sources in one lesson
Microsoft Copilot fake citations, and how to check them
What to do if an AI detector wrongly flags your writing
Why AI tools invent references, and how to catch them
How to check whether a reference is real
What a retraction is and how to check your reference list for one

Guides: writing the paper

All writing the paper guides
A Million Little Pieces and fake memoirs: do publishers check?
Famous writers who loved the em dash, from Sterne to Joyce
Famous writers' daily routines and drafts, in their own words
Funny and odd scientific paper titles, and famous first lines
How famous writers revised: first drafts and alternate endings
How to write a cover letter for a literary magazine
How to write for a student newspaper, from pitch to print
Rejected classics: famous books publishers turned down
Where to submit a short story: 13 magazines and their rules
Women who wrote under male pen names, and how to cite them
How to argue a position in writing: claim, evidence, warrant
How to write a topic sentence and a strong, cohesive paragraph
Academic tone: first person, the passive voice and contractions
Academic vocabulary and concise writing: words to use and cut
Academic writing in a second language: a practical guide
Academic writing in French: dissertation, mémoire and plan
Academic writing in German: Hausarbeit, thesis and declaration
Academic writing in Mandarin at Chinese universities: the thesis
Appendices, tables and figures in a thesis or dissertation
Can you split an infinitive? Where the old rule came from
Can you start a sentence with and or but in academic writing?
Critical writing vs descriptive writing, with a worked example
Dissertation formatting: university templates and Word styles
Dissertation literature review chapter: how to write it
Dissertation timeline and plan, working back from the deadline
Dissertation word count: what counts and what does not
Ending a sentence with a preposition: where the rule came from
Hedging and cautious language in academic writing
How journalists cite scientific studies in a news story
How to attribute quotes in news writing and journalism
How to choose a dissertation topic you can finish
How to choose a research method for your dissertation
How to explain your research in two minutes, with 3MT tips
How to integrate sources: synthesis, not summary
How to pitch an opinion piece, from the outlets' own rules
How to prepare for a viva or dissertation defence
How to structure an essay: introduction, body and conclusion
How to use feedback to improve your next essay
How to use office hours and ask your lecturer for help
How to write a book review for a class or a journal
How to write a case study assignment, with structures by field
How to write a compare and contrast essay, with an example
How to write a conference abstract for a talk or poster
How to write a counterargument and rebuttal in an essay
How to write a critical review or critique of an article
How to write a discursive essay, with a worked example
How to write a dissertation abstract
How to write a dissertation conclusion chapter
How to write a dissertation discussion chapter
How to write a dissertation introduction chapter
How to write a dissertation, from topic to submission
How to write a grant proposal, from the funders' own guidance
How to write a literature review: structure and synthesis
How to write a methodology chapter for a dissertation or thesis
How to write a PhD thesis, and what examiners look for
How to write a research proposal for a dissertation or PhD
How to write a short story, from first scene to final draft
How to write a thesis statement, with weak and strong examples
How to write an abstract for an essay, lab report or article
How to write an argumentative essay, with a worked example
How to write research questions, aims and objectives
How to write to a word count: budget, cut and expand
Inclusive and bias-free language in academic writing
Machine translation in academic writing: is it allowed?
Minor and major viva corrections, and what regulations mean
One space or two after a full stop? The history and the rule
Orwell's six rules for writing, and when to break them
Over the word limit: what counts and what to cut
PEEL paragraph structure, TEEL, MEAL and CER, with examples
Period or full stop inside or outside quotation marks?
Proofreading and editing a dissertation, and what is allowed
References in a grant application: NIH, NSF, UKRI and ERC rules
Reflective writing with Gibbs and other models, and how to cite
Report vs essay: how they differ and how to tell which is wanted
Reporting guidelines for student research and dissertations
Research ethics approval for a dissertation, step by step
Signposting and linking words in academic writing
Strunk and White's Elements of Style: history, rules and critics
Submitting a thesis to the repository: embargoes and licences
The first scientific journals, Paris and London in 1665
The history of peer review, from the Royal Society to today
Thesis acknowledgements, dedication and front matter
Thesis by publication: the rules for a PhD by published papers
Too many quotations in an essay: how to fix over-quoting
Translating your paper into English for journal publication
Turning a dissertation into a journal article
Undergraduate, master's and PhD dissertations compared
Verbatim, intelligent verbatim and Jefferson transcription
What does sic mean? Using [sic] in a quote, and quoting dialect
Who decides what is correct English, if there is no academy?
Who or whom? When to use whom in academic writing
Words that changed meaning over time, from nice to literally
Working with your dissertation supervisor: what each side owes
How to choose a journal and avoid predatory journals
How to respond to peer reviewers and revise a manuscript
How to write a cover letter to a journal editor
How to write a journal article: IMRaD and what journals ask
Singular they: its history from Chaucer's day to APA 7
A prose guide for clear writing, from sentence to paragraph
Check APA 7 formatting before submission with Mechanics QA
Does my paper answer the assignment question? How to check
Essay assignment checklist, from the brief to hand-in
How to get a short piece published in the New York Times
How to write a health sciences assignment in Vancouver style
How to write a literary analysis essay in MLA style
How to write a news report, from the lead to the headline
How to write a report with Harvard referencing
How to write an APA lab report or research paper
How to write an IEEE conference paper or technical report
How to write and publish an ebook, from EPUB file to ISBN
The Oxford comma debate: style guides and the Maine dairy case
Common APA 7 formatting mistakes in student papers
How to cite sources in your first research paper
How to read an assignment brief and rubric
How to write an annotated bibliography, with an example
When to paraphrase, quote or summarise, without plagiarism

Guides: finding sources

All finding sources guides
Boolean search for research papers: AND, OR, NOT and phrases
Find a source to support a claim: search the claim, not the topic
Non-English sources in a literature review: find and cite them
Citation cartels and citation manipulation: the documented cases
Do citation counts matter? How to judge a research paper
How recent should my sources be? The five-year rule explained
How to do a scoping review: the JBI method and PRISMA-ScR
How to do a systematic review, stage by stage
How to find every paper by an author or in a journal
How to tell if an article is peer reviewed
How to write up qualitative findings in a dissertation
How to write up quantitative results in a dissertation
Levels of evidence: systematic review, meta-analysis and RCT
Types of academic sources: journals, books, preprints, theses
Types of literature review and when to use each one
What is open access, and how to find free research articles
Books for lifelong learners: how to choose, read and find them
How to find a book in a library near you
How to use BibTeX in a LaTeX thesis or on Overleaf
Move references between EdCitation, Zotero, EndNote and Mendeley
Organise references with tags by chapter or assignment
Reading a book for an essay and citing it as you go
Research group shared sources: a lab reading list and citations
A student research workflow, from the brief to submission
Biology and chemistry textbooks: what to buy and how to cite
Business and management books for students, and how to cite them
Computer science books and textbooks for your degree
Economics textbooks: which edition, how to cite, where to find
Education books for teacher training: what to read and cite
Engineering textbooks and handbooks, in one place
English literature set texts and criticism: editions and citing
Free academic books online for students, by discipline
History books for students: what to read and how to cite it
How to build a personal library for your degree
How to find a textbook by ISBN or edition
How to make a reading list for students and share it with a class
Law textbooks and books for students: editions and citing
Mathematics and statistics textbooks on 2026/27 reading lists
Medical textbooks for students: which edition and how to cite
Nursing textbooks for students: the core books, in one place
Philosophy books for students: translations, editions, citing
Psychology textbooks: what a degree reads, in one place
Social work and sociology books and how to cite them
Where to find free textbooks legally
Where to save references and keep them from course to course
How many references should an essay or dissertation have?
How to find sources for a literature review fast
What is a DOI, and how to find one for an article

Guides: ai and plagiarism

All ai and plagiarism guides
Are AI detectors accurate? What the studies found
Can an AI detector prove cheating? Why a score is not evidence
Should I use AI to write my essay? Why a tool never should
A short history of machine writing, from Strachey to ChatGPT
AI and your dissertation: what universities allow and require
AI transcription of research interviews: ethics and GDPR
How often does ChatGPT make up references? What studies found
Should you disclose AI use? What journals and universities say
Spellcheck, autocorrect and the writing tools before AI
What AI cannot do for a writer, from the evidence
How AI changed academic writing: what the evidence shows
Words AI overuses, like delve: what the studies found
Writing in your own voice when everyone suspects AI
AI detectors and non-native English writers: what the tests show
How to check your dissertation for plagiarism before submission
How to read an AI detection report, passage by passage
The em dash is not proof of AI, and neither is any other tell
Using plagiarism and AI reports fairly as a marker
Can teachers detect ChatGPT? What the evidence shows
Do AI humanizers work, and should you use one?
How AI detectors work and how accurate they are
How plagiarism checkers work and what a similarity score means
How to check your paper for AI before submitting
How to check your paper for plagiarism before submitting
How to declare AI use in an assignment
Is using AI to edit my essay plagiarism? Where the line falls
What is self-plagiarism, and can I reuse my own work?
What similarity percentage is acceptable in an essay or thesis?

Guides: by subject and level

All by subject and level guides
Business and management referencing in Harvard and APA 7
Engineering and computer science IEEE citations, source by source
English literature MLA citations: poems, plays, novels, films
How to cite preprints, datasets and software as a researcher
How to cite reports and statistics in social work and sociology
How to cite the national curriculum, Ofsted and DfE guidance
Mature students returning to study: routes, funding and skills
Peer review checklist: checking the references in a manuscript
Referencing for international students studying in English
Vancouver citations in medicine: trials, Cochrane, NICE, drugs
APA 7 for psychology students, beyond the basics
Group project reference list, one list for the whole group
Journal manuscript references checklist, by journal style
Managing dissertation references from proposal to submission
Nursing APA citations and the sources that count as evidence
Research proposal references and capstone project sources
Thesis literature review, keeping hundreds of sources straight

Guides: study skills and technique

All study skills and technique guides
Active recall vs rereading and highlighting: what studies found
Exam technique: how to answer the question asked
How to take notes from sources without patchwriting
Reasonable adjustments at university: studying with a disability
Deep work and distraction: what the evidence says
Group study that actually works: what the research shows
How to beat exam stress: what works and where to get help
How to build a study routine that lasts the whole term
How to focus and stop procrastinating: what the evidence says
How to learn a new subject from scratch: a self-study plan
How to read an academic paper fast: the three-pass method
How to recover from a bad semester or a failed module
How to remember what you read: SQ3R and what the research shows
How to revise for exams: a revision plan and timetable
How to study effectively: what the research shows
How to study with a job or caring responsibilities
How to take notes in lectures: Cornell, outlines and laptops
How to write an exam essay under time pressure
Interleaving: how to use mixed practice when you study
Learning styles are a myth: what to do instead
Phone and social media while studying: what the research shows
Retrieval practice: how to use the testing effect to study
Spaced repetition: how to schedule revision
Time management for students: a weekly study plan
University reading lists: how to get through them
Ebooks or print for studying: what the reading research shows

Guides: careers and professions

All careers and professions guides
Academic career path in the US, UK and Australia, stage by stage
How to become a lawyer in the US: LSAT, JD, bar exam and MPRE
How to become a chartered engineer in the UK, and a PE in the US
How to become a data scientist in the UK and the US
How to become a doctor in the UK: routes, UCAT and training
How to become a doctor in the US: MCAT, MD vs DO, USMLE, Match
How to become a lawyer in the UK: solicitor, barrister and SQE
How to become a nurse in the UK: routes, entry and registration
How to become a nurse in the US: routes, NCLEX and licensure
How to become a pharmacist: UK MPharm and US PharmD routes
How to become a psychologist in the UK: routes, GBC and HCPC
How to become a psychologist in the US: degrees, EPPP, licensure
How to become a researcher: the PhD route and what comes after
How to become a social worker in the UK and the US
How to become a teacher in the UK: QTS, PGCE, routes and funding
How to become a teacher in the US: certification, Praxis and pay
How to become an accountant: ACCA, ACA, CIMA and the US CPA
How to prepare for a graduate interview: STAR, video, questions
How to write a cover letter: structure, length and a template
How to write a graduate CV, with a template and CV vs resume
How to write a personal statement: UCAS, college and master's
How to write a scholarship application: Chevening to Fulbright
PhD application: how to apply and write the research proposal
What can I do with a business degree? Jobs, schemes and pay
What can I do with a psychology degree? Jobs, salary and routes
What can I do with an English degree? Jobs, pay and routes

Guides: speaking and argument

All speaking and argument guides
How to add speaker notes in PowerPoint, Google Slides and Keynote
How to ask a good question in a seminar, with examples
Presentation handout: how to make one from your speaker notes
Speaker notes for a class presentation: template and examples
Speaker notes for a conference talk: timing, citing and Q&A
Speaker notes for a work presentation to senior management
Speaker notes vs a full script, cue cards or memorising
Debate formats explained: British Parliamentary to Public Forum
Debate prep time: what to do in 15 minutes, with a prep sheet
How to cite sources in a speech or debate, with verbal examples
How to design slides that help: what the research shows
How to give a presentation without reading your slides
How to network at an academic conference as a PhD student
How to rebut an argument: rebuttal in debate, with examples
How to speak up in seminars when you are nervous
How to write a best man speech, eulogy or retirement speech
How to write a debate case: definitions, burden and an example
How to write a persuasive speech: outline, structure and topics
How to write a speech: structure, timing, openings and endings
How to write speaker notes: what to include, with examples
Logical fallacies: 15 common ones and how to answer each

Guides: language and its history

All language and its history guides
Dialects in academic writing: standard and non-standard English
Famous misprints in history, from the 1631 Wicked Bible
Modern Standard Arabic vs dialects: fusha, ammiya and Arabizi
Noah Webster and American spelling: why color has no u
Phonetic transcription and the IPA in academic writing
Plain English movements: the Campaign, the Act, the research
The dictionary that invented a word: dord and other ghost words
The longest word in English, and other word records
Why English is the language of science: history and data
A history of the em dash: typesetters, Sterne and Dickinson
Apostrophe rules, the grocer's apostrophe and its defenders
Does literally mean figuratively? What the dictionaries changed
E-mail or email? The hyphen and the hyphenation wars
Footnote symbols in order: asterisk, dagger and double dagger
History of quotation marks: from the diple to curly quotes
History of the semicolon: who invented it and how to use it
How printing fixed English spelling, from Caxton to Johnson
The ampersand: its history, name and when to use & in APA
The pilcrow (¶): the paragraph symbol's meaning and history
What is an interrobang? Who invented it and how to type it
Who invented the question mark? Origin, myths and the Spanish ¿
Words Shakespeare invented, and what the OED now records
British or American English in academic writing: which to use
Latin abbreviations in academic writing: e.g., i.e., et al., cf.
Samuel Johnson's dictionary of 1755 and its famous definitions
The Great Vowel Shift explained, with examples and dates
When to write numbers in words: APA, MLA, Chicago, UK, IEEE
Why is English spelling so weird? Silent letters and ghoti
World Englishes in academic writing: Indian, Nigerian and others
How the Oxford English Dictionary was made by volunteer readers
A short history of the English language, period by period

Guides: tools, compared

All tools, compared guides
Best free APA citation generators in 2026, tested for accuracy
Best tools to check a paper before submitting in 2026
EdCitation vs Citation Machine and EasyBib, which should you use?
EdCitation vs Grammarly, are Grammarly citations accurate?
EdCitation vs Mendeley and EndNote for a thesis or paper
EdCitation vs MyBib, which citation tool should you use?
EdCitation vs Scribbr, which should you use for citations?
EdCitation vs Zotero and ZoteroBib, which should you use?
Is Google Scholar's Cite button accurate? What to use instead
Is there an all-in-one research and citation app for students?
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Guides: meetings and writing at work

All meetings and writing at work guides
AGM minutes: what to record at a general meeting, with a template
AI note-takers in meetings: consent, accuracy and policy
Approving and correcting minutes: who signs, what can change
Board meeting minutes in the UK: what the Companies Act requires
Board meeting minutes in the US: state law and good practice
Charity trustee meeting minutes in England and Wales
Committee and working group minutes, and terms of reference
Confidential minutes, privilege and closed sessions
House style guide: AP style, Economist, GOV.UK and Guardian
How to cite sources in a business report: APA and Harvard
How to take meeting minutes: before, during and after
How to write a board paper: template, cover sheet and example
How to write a briefing note: template, format and example
How to write a business case, with the five case model
How to write a business report: structure, format and sources
How to write a headline: rules for news, features and the web
How to write a meeting agenda: items, papers and notice
How to write a memo: format, examples and templates
How to write a policy brief: format, template and example
How to write a policy or standard operating procedure (SOP)
How to write a press release: format, template and example
How to write a professional email: structure, tone, templates
How to write a proposal or tender response to an ITT or RFP
How to write a white paper: format, structure and example
How to write action items that get done
How to write an annual report and a sustainability report
How to write an executive summary, with an example
Is it legal to record a meeting? Consent law by country and state
Meeting minutes template: board, charity, school and club
Minutes for remote and hybrid meetings: quorum, votes and chat
Minutes under Robert's Rules of Order: the 12th edition's format
Minutes, notes or an action log: which does a meeting need?
Nonprofit board minutes in the US: what Form 990 asks
Parish and town council minutes in England and Wales
PhD supervision meeting records: the rules and a template
Plain English at work: the rules, the Plain Writing Act, examples
School governor meeting minutes in England: the rules
Student society meeting minutes: a secretary's guide
What to include in meeting minutes, and who requires it
Who can see meeting minutes? FOI, SARs and members' rights

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